File | /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.10.1/Exporter.pm |
Statements Executed | 3626 |
Statement Execution Time | 10.5ms |
Calls | P | F | Exclusive Time |
Inclusive Time |
Subroutine |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
204 | 204 | 118 | 9.42ms | 13.7ms | import | Exporter::
28 | 4 | 1 | 1.59ms | 1.72ms | as_heavy | Exporter::
1066 | 1 | 2 | 312µs | 312µs | CORE:match (opcode) | Exporter::
421 | 2 | 2 | 151µs | 151µs | CORE:subst (opcode) | Exporter::
19 | 5 | 4 | 96µs | 334µs | export | Exporter::
5 | 3 | 3 | 35µs | 1.46ms | export_to_level | Exporter::
3 | 3 | 3 | 19µs | 58µs | export_ok_tags | Exporter::
1 | 1 | 1 | 7µs | 25µs | export_tags | Exporter::
0 | 0 | 0 | 0s | 0s | __ANON__[:65] | Exporter::
0 | 0 | 0 | 0s | 0s | export_fail | Exporter::
0 | 0 | 0 | 0s | 0s | require_version | Exporter::
Line | State ments |
Time on line |
Calls | Time in subs |
Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | package Exporter; | ||||
2 | |||||
3 | 1 | 22µs | require 5.006; | ||
4 | |||||
5 | # Be lean. | ||||
6 | #use strict; | ||||
7 | #no strict 'refs'; | ||||
8 | |||||
9 | 1 | 200ns | our $Debug = 0; | ||
10 | 1 | 100ns | our $ExportLevel = 0; | ||
11 | 1 | 200ns | our $Verbose ||= 0; | ||
12 | 1 | 300ns | our $VERSION = '5.63'; | ||
13 | 1 | 200ns | our (%Cache); | ||
14 | |||||
15 | # Carp 1.05+ does this now for us, but we may be running with an old Carp | ||||
16 | 1 | 700ns | $Carp::Internal{Exporter}++; | ||
17 | |||||
18 | # spent 1.72ms (1.59+136µs) within Exporter::as_heavy which was called 28 times, avg 62µs/call:
# 19 times (187µs+50µs) by Exporter::export at line 28, avg 13µs/call
# 5 times (1.36ms+72µs) by Exporter::export_to_level at line 82, avg 286µs/call
# 3 times (30µs+9µs) by Exporter::export_ok_tags at line 90, avg 13µs/call
# once (14µs+4µs) by Exporter::export_tags at line 86 | ||||
19 | 28 | 111µs | require Exporter::Heavy; | ||
20 | # Unfortunately, this does not work if the caller is aliased as *name = \&foo | ||||
21 | # Thus the need to create a lot of identical subroutines | ||||
22 | 28 | 101µs | my $c = (caller(1))[3]; | ||
23 | 28 | 159µs | 28 | 80µs | $c =~ s/.*:://; # spent 80µs making 28 calls to Exporter::CORE:subst, avg 3µs/call |
24 | 28 | 143µs | \&{"Exporter::Heavy::heavy_$c"}; | ||
25 | } | ||||
26 | |||||
27 | # spent 334µs (96+238) within Exporter::export which was called 19 times, avg 18µs/call:
# 10 times (48µs+124µs) by Exporter::import at line 63, avg 17µs/call
# 5 times (22µs+36µs) by Exporter::Heavy::heavy_export_to_level at line 217 of Exporter/Heavy.pm, avg 12µs/call
# 2 times (14µs+38µs) by IO::Socket::import at line 36 of IO/Socket.pm, avg 26µs/call
# once (6µs+22µs) by FileHandle::import at line 81 of FileHandle.pm
# once (7µs+17µs) by FileHandle::import at line 73 of FileHandle.pm | ||||
28 | 19 | 118µs | 38 | 6.90ms | goto &{as_heavy()}; # spent 6.66ms making 19 calls to Exporter::Heavy::heavy_export, avg 351µs/call
# spent 238µs making 19 calls to Exporter::as_heavy, avg 13µs/call |
29 | } | ||||
30 | |||||
31 | # spent 13.7ms (9.42+4.28) within Exporter::import which was called 204 times, avg 67µs/call:
# once (285µs+2.47ms) by POSIX::import at line 29 of POSIX.pm
# once (755µs+19µs) by IO::Socket::INET::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of IO/Socket/INET.pm
# once (612µs+18µs) by IO::Socket::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of IO/Socket.pm
# once (57µs+289µs) by File::GlobMapper::BEGIN@10 at line 77 of File/Glob.pm
# once (304µs+6µs) by IO::Uncompress::RawInflate::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of IO/Uncompress/RawInflate.pm
# once (244µs+22µs) by IO::Seekable::BEGIN@104 at line 104 of IO/Seekable.pm
# once (65µs+197µs) by IO::Uncompress::Gunzip::BEGIN@16 at line 16 of IO/Uncompress/Gunzip.pm
# once (57µs+189µs) by IO::Compress::Zlib::Extra::BEGIN@13 at line 13 of IO/Compress/Zlib/Extra.pm
# once (29µs+177µs) by IO::Uncompress::Adapter::Inflate::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of IO/Uncompress/Adapter/Inflate.pm
# once (49µs+148µs) by SimpleDB::Class::Cache::BEGIN@33 at line 33 of ../lib/SimpleDB/Class/Cache.pm
# once (70µs+111µs) by IO::Uncompress::RawInflate::BEGIN@9 at line 9 of IO/Uncompress/RawInflate.pm
# once (168µs+6µs) by main::BEGIN@2 at line 2 of 05.Domain_and_Item.t
# once (32µs+138µs) by Storable::BEGIN@44 at line 45 of Storable.pm
# once (155µs+5µs) by IO::Uncompress::Base::BEGIN@20 at line 20 of IO/Uncompress/Base.pm
# once (149µs+5µs) by POSIX::BEGIN@13 at line 13 of POSIX.pm
# once (144µs+5µs) by IO::Uncompress::Base::BEGIN@17 at line 17 of IO/Uncompress/Base.pm
# once (19µs+127µs) by IO::Uncompress::Gunzip::BEGIN@50 at line 50 of IO/Uncompress/Gunzip.pm
# once (121µs+11µs) by IO::Uncompress::Adapter::Inflate::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of IO/Uncompress/Adapter/Inflate.pm
# once (126µs+4µs) by Storable::BEGIN@23 at line 148 of IO/File.pm
# once (18µs+110µs) by IO::Uncompress::Gunzip::BEGIN@15 at line 15 of IO/Uncompress/Gunzip.pm
# once (118µs+7µs) by Storable::BEGIN@23 at line 39 of FileHandle.pm
# once (99µs+5µs) by SimpleDB::Client::BEGIN@52 at line 52 of SimpleDB/Client.pm
# once (92µs+4µs) by SimpleDB::Class::Item::BEGIN@18 at line 18 of ../lib/SimpleDB/Class/Item.pm
# once (87µs+5µs) by Moose::Exporter::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of Moose/Exporter.pm
# once (87µs+3µs) by Compress::Raw::Zlib::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Compress/Raw/Zlib.pm
# once (63µs+5µs) by Class::MOP::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of Class/MOP.pm
# once (67µs+800ns) by Moose::Meta::Class::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of Moose/Meta/Class.pm
# once (62µs+4µs) by DateTime::Locale::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of DateTime/Locale.pm
# once (53µs+3µs) by DateTime::Format::Strptime::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of DateTime/Format/Strptime.pm
# once (54µs+2µs) by Time::Local::BEGIN@4 at line 4 of Time/Local.pm
# once (52µs+2µs) by Test::Deep::Ref::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Test/Deep/Ref.pm
# once (50µs+3µs) by Test::Deep::Cache::Simple::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Test/Deep/Cache/Simple.pm
# once (49µs+1µs) by Module::Find::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Module/Find.pm
# once (50µs+0s) by Cwd::BEGIN@171 at line 171 of Cwd.pm
# once (47µs+3µs) by Class::MOP::BEGIN@13 at line 13 of Class/MOP.pm
# once (48µs+2µs) by UUID::Tiny::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of UUID/Tiny.pm
# once (47µs+1µs) by Moose::Role::BEGIN@5 at line 5 of Moose/Role.pm
# once (47µs+1µs) by Socket::BEGIN@178 at line 178 of Socket.pm
# once (45µs+3µs) by Test::Deep::BEGIN@22 at line 22 of Test/Deep.pm
# once (46µs+2µs) by SimpleDB::Class::BEGIN@142 at line 142 of ../lib/SimpleDB/Class.pm
# once (45µs+2µs) by DateTime::TimeZone::BEGIN@15 at line 15 of DateTime/TimeZone.pm
# once (45µs+1µs) by DateTime::TimeZone::OffsetOnly::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of DateTime/TimeZone/OffsetOnly.pm
# once (43µs+2µs) by SimpleDB::Client::BEGIN@57 at line 57 of SimpleDB/Client.pm
# once (42µs+3µs) by Test::Deep::BEGIN@5 at line 5 of Test/Deep.pm
# once (41µs+3µs) by Clone::BEGIN@5 at line 5 of Clone.pm
# once (42µs+2µs) by Class::MOP::Mixin::HasMethods::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of Class/MOP/Mixin/HasMethods.pm
# once (41µs+3µs) by namespace::clean::BEGIN@13 at line 13 of namespace/clean.pm
# once (42µs+1µs) by Devel::StackTrace::BEGIN@9 at line 9 of Devel/StackTrace.pm
# once (39µs+4µs) by DateTime::BEGIN@43 at line 43 of DateTime.pm
# once (41µs+1µs) by Try::Tiny::BEGIN@46 at line 46 of Try/Tiny.pm
# once (41µs+1µs) by MooseX::ClassAttribute::Role::Meta::Class::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of MooseX/ClassAttribute/Role/Meta/Class.pm
# once (41µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Mixin::AttributeCore::BEGIN@10 at line 10 of Class/MOP/Mixin/AttributeCore.pm
# once (40µs+2µs) by SimpleDB::Class::SQL::BEGIN@21 at line 21 of ../lib/SimpleDB/Class/SQL.pm
# once (40µs+2µs) by Class::MOP::Mixin::BEGIN@10 at line 10 of Class/MOP/Mixin.pm
# once (39µs+3µs) by Moose::Util::MetaRole::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of Moose/Util/MetaRole.pm
# once (39µs+3µs) by MooseX::Types::BEGIN@13 at line 13 of MooseX/Types.pm
# once (39µs+2µs) by Class::MOP::Class::BEGIN@16 at line 16 of Class/MOP/Class.pm
# once (40µs+1µs) by DateTime::BEGIN@45 at line 45 of DateTime.pm
# once (39µs+2µs) by DateTime::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of DateTime.pm
# once (39µs+1µs) by Moose::Meta::Role::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Meta/Role.pm
# once (38µs+2µs) by URI::_idna::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of URI/_idna.pm
# once (39µs+1µs) by Tie::Hash::BEGIN@188 at line 188 of Tie/Hash.pm
# once (39µs+1µs) by URI::_server::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of URI/_server.pm
# once (38µs+1µs) by Test::Deep::Shallow::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Test/Deep/Shallow.pm
# once (37µs+2µs) by Class::MOP::Deprecated::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of Class/MOP/Deprecated.pm
# once (37µs+2µs) by Moose::Meta::Role::Composite::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/Role/Composite.pm
# once (36µs+2µs) by IO::Socket::UNIX::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of IO/Socket/UNIX.pm
# once (36µs+2µs) by namespace::clean::BEGIN@15 at line 15 of namespace/clean.pm
# once (36µs+2µs) by MooseX::Types::Base::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of MooseX/Types/Base.pm
# once (36µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of Class/MOP.pm
# once (36µs+1µs) by Moose::Meta::Class::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of Moose/Meta/Class.pm
# once (36µs+1µs) by Memcached::libmemcached::BEGIN@18 at line 18 of Memcached/libmemcached.pm
# once (36µs+1µs) by metaclass::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of metaclass.pm
# once (35µs+2µs) by Moose::Meta::Method::Constructor::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/Method/Constructor.pm
# once (35µs+1µs) by Memcached::libmemcached::BEGIN@21 at line 21 of Memcached/libmemcached.pm
# once (35µs+1µs) by Data::Dumper::BEGIN@20 at line 20 of Data/Dumper.pm
# once (35µs+1µs) by IO::File::BEGIN@131 at line 131 of IO/File.pm
# once (35µs+1000ns) by MooseX::Types::CheckedUtilExports::BEGIN@15 at line 15 of MooseX/Types/CheckedUtilExports.pm
# once (36µs+0s) by SimpleDB::Class::SQL::BEGIN@20 at line 20 of ../lib/SimpleDB/Class/SQL.pm
# once (34µs+1µs) by IO::Handle::BEGIN@264 at line 264 of IO/Handle.pm
# once (34µs+1µs) by XML::Bare::BEGIN@3 at line 3 of XML/Bare.pm
# once (34µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Method::Inlined::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Method/Inlined.pm
# once (34µs+1µs) by IO::Uncompress::Base::BEGIN@21 at line 21 of IO/Uncompress/Base.pm
# once (33µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Package::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Package.pm
# once (33µs+1µs) by IO::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of IO.pm
# once (33µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Method::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Class/MOP/Method.pm
# once (33µs+1µs) by IO::Compress::Base::Common::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of IO/Compress/Base/Common.pm
# once (32µs+2µs) by IO::File::BEGIN@130 at line 130 of IO/File.pm
# once (31µs+2µs) by Carp::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of Carp/Heavy.pm
# once (32µs+900ns) by DateTime::Format::Strptime::BEGIN@9 at line 9 of DateTime/Format/Strptime.pm
# once (32µs+1µs) by MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator::BEGIN@10 at line 10 of MooseX/Types/TypeDecorator.pm
# once (32µs+600ns) by Class::MOP::Deprecated::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Deprecated.pm
# once (31µs+1µs) by Sub::Install::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of Sub/Install.pm
# once (31µs+1µs) by Test::Deep::RefType::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Test/Deep/RefType.pm
# once (31µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Method::Constructor::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Class/MOP/Method/Constructor.pm
# once (31µs+900ns) by Variable::Magic::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Variable/Magic.pm
# once (31µs+1µs) by DateTime::Duration::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of DateTime/Duration.pm
# once (30µs+1µs) by SelectSaver::BEGIN@38 at line 38 of SelectSaver.pm
# once (30µs+1µs) by Moose::Meta::Class::BEGIN@10 at line 10 of Moose/Meta/Class.pm
# once (30µs+1µs) by IO::Handle::BEGIN@263 at line 263 of IO/Handle.pm
# once (30µs+1µs) by IO::Compress::Base::Common::BEGIN@503 at line 503 of IO/Compress/Base/Common.pm
# once (31µs+0s) by IO::Socket::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of IO/Socket.pm
# once (30µs+1µs) by IO::File::BEGIN@133 at line 133 of IO/File.pm
# once (30µs+1µs) by Moose::Meta::Attribute::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/Attribute.pm
# once (30µs+1µs) by Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::OptimizedConstraints::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Util/TypeConstraints/OptimizedConstraints.pm
# once (30µs+1µs) by MooseX::Types::Util::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of MooseX/Types/Util.pm
# once (29µs+1µs) by IO::Seekable::BEGIN@98 at line 98 of IO/Seekable.pm
# once (30µs+1µs) by Moose::Meta::Attribute::BEGIN@9 at line 9 of Moose/Meta/Attribute.pm
# once (29µs+900ns) by Class::MOP::Method::Accessor::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Class/MOP/Method/Accessor.pm
# once (30µs+0s) by IO::Uncompress::RawInflate::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of IO/Uncompress/RawInflate.pm
# once (29µs+1µs) by SelectSaver::BEGIN@39 at line 39 of SelectSaver.pm
# once (29µs+800ns) by IO::Compress::Base::Common::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of IO/Compress/Base/Common.pm
# once (29µs+1µs) by IO::Socket::BEGIN@13 at line 13 of IO/Socket.pm
# once (28µs+1µs) by DateTime::Locale::Base::BEGIN@9 at line 9 of DateTime/Locale/Base.pm
# once (29µs+600ns) by Moose::Meta::Role::BEGIN@9 at line 9 of Moose/Meta/Role.pm
# once (28µs+1µs) by IO::Socket::INET::BEGIN@13 at line 13 of IO/Socket/INET.pm
# once (28µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Mixin::HasAttributes::BEGIN@10 at line 10 of Class/MOP/Mixin/HasAttributes.pm
# once (28µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Instance::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Instance.pm
# once (29µs+0s) by SimpleDB::Class::Types::BEGIN@73 at line 73 of ../lib/SimpleDB/Class/Types.pm
# once (28µs+1µs) by UUID::Tiny::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of UUID/Tiny.pm
# once (28µs+900ns) by Class::MOP::Class::Immutable::Trait::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Class/MOP/Class/Immutable/Trait.pm
# once (28µs+1µs) by Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::BEGIN@5 at line 5 of Moose/Util/TypeConstraints.pm
# once (28µs+1µs) by Moose::Meta::Role::Application::ToClass::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Meta/Role/Application/ToClass.pm
# once (29µs+0s) by Params::Validate::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of Params/Validate.pm
# once (28µs+900ns) by Test::Deep::Blessed::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Test/Deep/Blessed.pm
# once (28µs+900ns) by Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Registry::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Meta/TypeConstraint/Registry.pm
# once (28µs+900ns) by IO::Uncompress::Base::BEGIN@24 at line 24 of IO/Uncompress/Base.pm
# once (28µs+1µs) by Test::Deep::Stack::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of Test/Deep/Stack.pm
# once (27µs+1µs) by Moose::Meta::Method::Destructor::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Meta/Method/Destructor.pm
# once (27µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Class::BEGIN@13 at line 13 of Class/MOP/Class.pm
# once (27µs+1µs) by File::GlobMapper::BEGIN@5 at line 5 of File/GlobMapper.pm
# once (27µs+1µs) by Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of Moose/Meta/TypeConstraint.pm
# once (26µs+1µs) by Exception::Class::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Exception/Class.pm
# once (26µs+800ns) by Class::MOP::Attribute::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of Class/MOP/Attribute.pm
# once (26µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Method::Constructor::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Method/Constructor.pm
# once (26µs+900ns) by Class::MOP::Method::Wrapped::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Method/Wrapped.pm
# once (27µs+0s) by JSON::XS::BEGIN@121 at line 121 of JSON/XS.pm
# once (26µs+500ns) by IO::Uncompress::Base::BEGIN@23 at line 23 of IO/Uncompress/Base.pm
# once (26µs+900ns) by MooseX::Types::CheckedUtilExports::BEGIN@14 at line 14 of MooseX/Types/CheckedUtilExports.pm
# once (26µs+900ns) by Moose::Meta::Role::Application::ToRole::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/Role/Application/ToRole.pm
# once (25µs+1µs) by IO::Uncompress::Gunzip::BEGIN@14 at line 14 of IO/Uncompress/Gunzip.pm
# once (26µs+600ns) by Class::MOP::Method::Wrapped::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Class/MOP/Method/Wrapped.pm
# once (25µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Mixin::HasMethods::BEGIN@10 at line 10 of Class/MOP/Mixin/HasMethods.pm
# once (25µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Method::Accessor::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Method/Accessor.pm
# once (25µs+800ns) by Class::MOP::Class::Immutable::Trait::BEGIN@9 at line 9 of Class/MOP/Class/Immutable/Trait.pm
# once (25µs+800ns) by Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of Moose/Util/TypeConstraints.pm
# once (24µs+1µs) by URI::_generic::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of URI/_generic.pm
# once (24µs+1µs) by Moose::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of Moose.pm
# once (24µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Attribute::BEGIN@9 at line 9 of Class/MOP/Attribute.pm
# once (24µs+800ns) by Moose::Meta::Role::Attribute::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Meta/Role/Attribute.pm
# once (24µs+800ns) by Moose::Meta::Method::Delegation::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Meta/Method/Delegation.pm
# once (24µs+800ns) by Class::MOP::Attribute::BEGIN@10 at line 10 of Class/MOP/Attribute.pm
# once (24µs+1µs) by Class::MOP::Class::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of Class/MOP/Class.pm
# once (24µs+900ns) by Moose::Meta::Method::Delegation::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/Method/Delegation.pm
# once (24µs+900ns) by Moose::Exporter::BEGIN@15 at line 15 of Moose/Exporter.pm
# once (24µs+900ns) by Class::MOP::Method::Inlined::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of Class/MOP/Method/Inlined.pm
# once (24µs+800ns) by Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Class::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/TypeConstraint/Class.pm
# once (24µs+600ns) by Class::MOP::Package::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Class/MOP/Package.pm
# once (23µs+900ns) by Test::Deep::Cache::Simple::BEGIN@5 at line 5 of Test/Deep/Cache/Simple.pm
# once (23µs+900ns) by Class::MOP::Module::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Module.pm
# once (24µs+700ns) by Moose::Meta::Role::Attribute::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/Role/Attribute.pm
# once (23µs+1µs) by URI::_query::BEGIN@5 at line 5 of URI/_query.pm
# once (23µs+700ns) by Moose::Role::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of Moose/Role.pm
# once (23µs+700ns) by Class::MOP::Mixin::HasAttributes::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of Class/MOP/Mixin/HasAttributes.pm
# once (23µs+800ns) by Moose::Meta::Role::Application::RoleSummation::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/Role/Application/RoleSummation.pm
# once (23µs+900ns) by Moose::Util::MetaRole::BEGIN@5 at line 5 of Moose/Util/MetaRole.pm
# once (23µs+900ns) by Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion::Union::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Meta/TypeCoercion/Union.pm
# once (23µs+800ns) by Class::MOP::Mixin::HasMethods::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of Class/MOP/Mixin/HasMethods.pm
# once (23µs+800ns) by Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterized::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/TypeConstraint/Parameterized.pm
# once (23µs+800ns) by Moose::Meta::Role::Application::ToInstance::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/Role/Application/ToInstance.pm
# once (23µs+800ns) by Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Role::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/TypeConstraint/Role.pm
# once (23µs+800ns) by Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::DuckType::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Moose/Meta/TypeConstraint/DuckType.pm
# once (23µs+600ns) by Moose::Meta::Attribute::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Meta/Attribute.pm
# once (22µs+1µs) by Moose::Util::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Util.pm
# once (22µs+900ns) by Moose::Meta::Role::Attribute::BEGIN@6 at line 6 of Moose/Meta/Role/Attribute.pm
# once (23µs+600ns) by namespace::clean::BEGIN@16 at line 16 of namespace/clean.pm
# once (22µs+600ns) by MooseX::Types::BEGIN@18 at line 18 of MooseX/Types.pm
# once (22µs+800ns) by MooseX::Types::BEGIN@17 at line 17 of MooseX/Types.pm
# once (22µs+900ns) by Class::MOP::Method::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Method.pm
# once (22µs+900ns) by Class::MOP::Method::Generated::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Method/Generated.pm
# once (22µs+600ns) by URI::_idna::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of URI/_idna.pm
# once (22µs+900ns) by Class::MOP::Object::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of Class/MOP/Object.pm
# once (22µs+700ns) by Moose::Util::MetaRole::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of Moose/Util/MetaRole.pm
# once (21µs+700ns) by metaclass::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of metaclass.pm
# once (21µs+800ns) by Test::Deep::Cache::Simple::BEGIN@10 at line 19 of Test/Deep/Cache/Simple.pm
# once (21µs+600ns) by Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of Moose/Meta/TypeConstraint.pm
# once (22µs+0s) by SimpleDB::Client::BEGIN@53 at line 53 of SimpleDB/Client.pm
# once (21µs+600ns) by Moose::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of Moose.pm
# once (22µs+0s) by IO::Uncompress::Gunzip::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of IO/Uncompress/Gunzip.pm
# once (21µs+600ns) by IO::Uncompress::Base::BEGIN@22 at line 22 of IO/Uncompress/Base.pm
# once (21µs+500ns) by Class::MOP::Module::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Class/MOP/Module.pm
# once (21µs+700ns) by Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::DuckType::BEGIN@8 at line 8 of Moose/Meta/TypeConstraint/DuckType.pm
# once (21µs+0s) by UUID::Tiny::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of UUID/Tiny.pm
# once (20µs+500ns) by Class::MOP::Class::BEGIN@14 at line 14 of Class/MOP/Class.pm
# once (21µs+0s) by SimpleDB::Class::Cache::BEGIN@31 at line 31 of ../lib/SimpleDB/Class/Cache.pm
# once (19µs+0s) by UUID::Tiny::BEGIN@147 at line 147 of UUID/Tiny.pm
# once (18µs+0s) by Sub::Identify::BEGIN@4 at line 4 of Sub/Identify.pm
# once (18µs+0s) by B::Hooks::EndOfScope::BEGIN@7 at line 7 of B/Hooks/EndOfScope.pm
# once (15µs+0s) by Test::Deep::BEGIN@12 at line 12 of Test/Deep.pm
# once (14µs+0s) by DateTime::Format::Strptime::BEGIN@11 at line 11 of DateTime/Format/Strptime.pm
# once (14µs+0s) by IO::Socket::BEGIN@16 at line 16 of IO/Socket.pm
# once (13µs+0s) by IO::Socket::BEGIN@17 at line 17 of IO/Socket.pm
# once (13µs+0s) by IO::Socket::INET::BEGIN@14 at line 14 of IO/Socket/INET.pm
# once (12µs+0s) by IO::Socket::INET::BEGIN@15 at line 15 of IO/Socket/INET.pm | ||||
32 | 204 | 120µs | my $pkg = shift; | ||
33 | 204 | 108µs | my $callpkg = caller($ExportLevel); | ||
34 | |||||
35 | 204 | 80µs | if ($pkg eq "Exporter" and @_ and $_[0] eq "import") { | ||
36 | *{$callpkg."::import"} = \&import; | ||||
37 | return; | ||||
38 | } | ||||
39 | |||||
40 | # We *need* to treat @{"$pkg\::EXPORT_FAIL"} since Carp uses it :-( | ||||
41 | 204 | 631µs | my($exports, $fail) = (\@{"$pkg\::EXPORT"}, \@{"$pkg\::EXPORT_FAIL"}); | ||
42 | 204 | 127µs | return export $pkg, $callpkg, @_ | ||
43 | if $Verbose or $Debug or @$fail > 1; | ||||
44 | 204 | 170µs | my $export_cache = ($Cache{$pkg} ||= {}); | ||
45 | 204 | 504µs | my $args = @_ or @_ = @$exports; | ||
46 | |||||
47 | 204 | 33µs | local $_; | ||
48 | 204 | 176µs | if ($args and not %$export_cache) { | ||
49 | s/^&//, $export_cache->{$_} = 1 | ||||
50 | 40 | 734µs | 393 | 71µs | foreach (@$exports, @{"$pkg\::EXPORT_OK"}); # spent 71µs making 393 calls to Exporter::CORE:subst, avg 181ns/call |
51 | } | ||||
52 | 204 | 26µs | my $heavy; | ||
53 | # Try very hard not to use {} and hence have to enter scope on the foreach | ||||
54 | # We bomb out of the loop with last as soon as heavy is set. | ||||
55 | 204 | 81µs | if ($args or $fail) { | ||
56 | ($heavy = (/\W/ or $args and not exists $export_cache->{$_} | ||||
57 | or @$fail and $_ eq $fail->[0])) and last | ||||
58 | 408 | 2.30ms | 1066 | 312µs | foreach (@_); # spent 312µs making 1066 calls to Exporter::CORE:match, avg 293ns/call |
59 | } else { | ||||
60 | ($heavy = /\W/) and last | ||||
61 | foreach (@_); | ||||
62 | } | ||||
63 | 204 | 141µs | 10 | 172µs | return export $pkg, $callpkg, ($args ? @_ : ()) if $heavy; # spent 172µs making 10 calls to Exporter::export, avg 17µs/call |
64 | local $SIG{__WARN__} = | ||||
65 | 194 | 830µs | sub {require Carp; &Carp::carp}; | ||
66 | # shortcut for the common case of no type character | ||||
67 | 388 | 3.72ms | *{"$callpkg\::$_"} = \&{"$pkg\::$_"} foreach @_; | ||
68 | } | ||||
69 | |||||
70 | # Default methods | ||||
71 | |||||
72 | sub export_fail { | ||||
73 | my $self = shift; | ||||
74 | @_; | ||||
75 | } | ||||
76 | |||||
77 | # Unfortunately, caller(1)[3] "does not work" if the caller is aliased as | ||||
78 | # *name = \&foo. Thus the need to create a lot of identical subroutines | ||||
79 | # Otherwise we could have aliased them to export(). | ||||
80 | |||||
81 | # spent 1.46ms (35µs+1.43) within Exporter::export_to_level which was called 5 times, avg 293µs/call:
# 2 times (15µs+37µs) by JSON::import at line 103 of JSON.pm, avg 26µs/call
# 2 times (14µs+34µs) by Time::HiRes::import at line 62 of Time/HiRes.pm, avg 24µs/call
# once (6µs+1.36ms) by Test::Builder::Module::import at line 93 of Test/Builder/Module.pm | ||||
82 | 5 | 46µs | 10 | 2.04ms | goto &{as_heavy()}; # spent 1.43ms making 5 calls to Exporter::as_heavy, avg 286µs/call
# spent 608µs making 5 calls to Exporter::Heavy::heavy_export_to_level, avg 122µs/call |
83 | } | ||||
84 | |||||
85 | # spent 25µs (7+18) within Exporter::export_tags which was called
# once (7µs+18µs) by SimpleDB::Class::Item::BEGIN@18 at line 182 of UUID/Tiny.pm | ||||
86 | 1 | 15µs | 2 | 44µs | goto &{as_heavy()}; # spent 26µs making 1 call to Exporter::Heavy::heavy_export_tags
# spent 18µs making 1 call to Exporter::as_heavy |
87 | } | ||||
88 | |||||
89 | # spent 58µs (19+39) within Exporter::export_ok_tags which was called 3 times, avg 19µs/call:
# once (8µs+16µs) by IO::Uncompress::Gunzip::BEGIN@12 at line 25 of IO/Uncompress/RawInflate.pm
# once (6µs+14µs) by Net::HTTP::Methods::gunzip_ok at line 27 of IO/Uncompress/Gunzip.pm
# once (5µs+9µs) by SimpleDB::Class::Item::BEGIN@18 at line 183 of UUID/Tiny.pm | ||||
90 | 3 | 20µs | 6 | 97µs | goto &{as_heavy()}; # spent 58µs making 3 calls to Exporter::Heavy::heavy_export_ok_tags, avg 19µs/call
# spent 39µs making 3 calls to Exporter::as_heavy, avg 13µs/call |
91 | } | ||||
92 | |||||
93 | sub require_version { | ||||
94 | goto &{as_heavy()}; | ||||
95 | } | ||||
96 | |||||
97 | 1 | 7µs | 1; | ||
98 | __END__ | ||||
99 | |||||
100 | =head1 NAME | ||||
101 | |||||
102 | Exporter - Implements default import method for modules | ||||
103 | |||||
104 | =head1 SYNOPSIS | ||||
105 | |||||
106 | In module F<YourModule.pm>: | ||||
107 | |||||
108 | package YourModule; | ||||
109 | require Exporter; | ||||
110 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); | ||||
111 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); # symbols to export on request | ||||
112 | |||||
113 | or | ||||
114 | |||||
115 | package YourModule; | ||||
116 | use Exporter 'import'; # gives you Exporter's import() method directly | ||||
117 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); # symbols to export on request | ||||
118 | |||||
119 | In other files which wish to use C<YourModule>: | ||||
120 | |||||
121 | use YourModule qw(frobnicate); # import listed symbols | ||||
122 | frobnicate ($left, $right) # calls YourModule::frobnicate | ||||
123 | |||||
124 | Take a look at L</Good Practices> for some variants | ||||
125 | you will like to use in modern Perl code. | ||||
126 | |||||
127 | =head1 DESCRIPTION | ||||
128 | |||||
129 | The Exporter module implements an C<import> method which allows a module | ||||
130 | to export functions and variables to its users' namespaces. Many modules | ||||
131 | use Exporter rather than implementing their own C<import> method because | ||||
132 | Exporter provides a highly flexible interface, with an implementation optimised | ||||
133 | for the common case. | ||||
134 | |||||
135 | Perl automatically calls the C<import> method when processing a | ||||
136 | C<use> statement for a module. Modules and C<use> are documented | ||||
137 | in L<perlfunc> and L<perlmod>. Understanding the concept of | ||||
138 | modules and how the C<use> statement operates is important to | ||||
139 | understanding the Exporter. | ||||
140 | |||||
141 | =head2 How to Export | ||||
142 | |||||
143 | The arrays C<@EXPORT> and C<@EXPORT_OK> in a module hold lists of | ||||
144 | symbols that are going to be exported into the users name space by | ||||
145 | default, or which they can request to be exported, respectively. The | ||||
146 | symbols can represent functions, scalars, arrays, hashes, or typeglobs. | ||||
147 | The symbols must be given by full name with the exception that the | ||||
148 | ampersand in front of a function is optional, e.g. | ||||
149 | |||||
150 | @EXPORT = qw(afunc $scalar @array); # afunc is a function | ||||
151 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(&bfunc %hash *typeglob); # explicit prefix on &bfunc | ||||
152 | |||||
153 | If you are only exporting function names it is recommended to omit the | ||||
154 | ampersand, as the implementation is faster this way. | ||||
155 | |||||
156 | =head2 Selecting What To Export | ||||
157 | |||||
158 | Do B<not> export method names! | ||||
159 | |||||
160 | Do B<not> export anything else by default without a good reason! | ||||
161 | |||||
162 | Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must export | ||||
163 | try to use C<@EXPORT_OK> in preference to C<@EXPORT> and avoid short or | ||||
164 | common symbol names to reduce the risk of name clashes. | ||||
165 | |||||
166 | Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the | ||||
167 | module using the C<YourModule::item_name> (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>) | ||||
168 | syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to | ||||
169 | informally indicate that they are 'internal' and not for public use. | ||||
170 | |||||
171 | (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: | ||||
172 | |||||
173 | my $subref = sub { ... }; | ||||
174 | $subref->(@args); # Call it as a function | ||||
175 | $obj->$subref(@args); # Use it as a method | ||||
176 | |||||
177 | However if you use them for methods it is up to you to figure out | ||||
178 | how to make inheritance work.) | ||||
179 | |||||
180 | As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented | ||||
181 | then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then | ||||
182 | C<@EXPORT_OK> anything but use C<@EXPORT> with caution. For function and | ||||
183 | method names use barewords in preference to names prefixed with | ||||
184 | ampersands for the export lists. | ||||
185 | |||||
186 | Other module design guidelines can be found in L<perlmod>. | ||||
187 | |||||
188 | =head2 How to Import | ||||
189 | |||||
190 | In other files which wish to use your module there are three basic ways for | ||||
191 | them to load your module and import its symbols: | ||||
192 | |||||
193 | =over 4 | ||||
194 | |||||
195 | =item C<use YourModule;> | ||||
196 | |||||
197 | This imports all the symbols from YourModule's C<@EXPORT> into the namespace | ||||
198 | of the C<use> statement. | ||||
199 | |||||
200 | =item C<use YourModule ();> | ||||
201 | |||||
202 | This causes perl to load your module but does not import any symbols. | ||||
203 | |||||
204 | =item C<use YourModule qw(...);> | ||||
205 | |||||
206 | This imports only the symbols listed by the caller into their namespace. | ||||
207 | All listed symbols must be in your C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK>, else an error | ||||
208 | occurs. The advanced export features of Exporter are accessed like this, | ||||
209 | but with list entries that are syntactically distinct from symbol names. | ||||
210 | |||||
211 | =back | ||||
212 | |||||
213 | Unless you want to use its advanced features, this is probably all you | ||||
214 | need to know to use Exporter. | ||||
215 | |||||
216 | =head1 Advanced features | ||||
217 | |||||
218 | =head2 Specialised Import Lists | ||||
219 | |||||
220 | If any of the entries in an import list begins with !, : or / then | ||||
221 | the list is treated as a series of specifications which either add to | ||||
222 | or delete from the list of names to import. They are processed left to | ||||
223 | right. Specifications are in the form: | ||||
224 | |||||
225 | [!]name This name only | ||||
226 | [!]:DEFAULT All names in @EXPORT | ||||
227 | [!]:tag All names in $EXPORT_TAGS{tag} anonymous list | ||||
228 | [!]/pattern/ All names in @EXPORT and @EXPORT_OK which match | ||||
229 | |||||
230 | A leading ! indicates that matching names should be deleted from the | ||||
231 | list of names to import. If the first specification is a deletion it | ||||
232 | is treated as though preceded by :DEFAULT. If you just want to import | ||||
233 | extra names in addition to the default set you will still need to | ||||
234 | include :DEFAULT explicitly. | ||||
235 | |||||
236 | e.g., F<Module.pm> defines: | ||||
237 | |||||
238 | @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5); | ||||
239 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5); | ||||
240 | %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1 => [qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2 => [qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)]); | ||||
241 | |||||
242 | Note that you cannot use tags in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. | ||||
243 | Names in EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. | ||||
244 | |||||
245 | An application using Module can say something like: | ||||
246 | |||||
247 | use Module qw(:DEFAULT :T2 !B3 A3); | ||||
248 | |||||
249 | Other examples include: | ||||
250 | |||||
251 | use Socket qw(!/^[AP]F_/ !SOMAXCONN !SOL_SOCKET); | ||||
252 | use POSIX qw(:errno_h :termios_h !TCSADRAIN !/^EXIT/); | ||||
253 | |||||
254 | Remember that most patterns (using //) will need to be anchored | ||||
255 | with a leading ^, e.g., C</^EXIT/> rather than C</EXIT/>. | ||||
256 | |||||
257 | You can say C<BEGIN { $Exporter::Verbose=1 }> to see how the | ||||
258 | specifications are being processed and what is actually being imported | ||||
259 | into modules. | ||||
260 | |||||
261 | =head2 Exporting without using Exporter's import method | ||||
262 | |||||
263 | Exporter has a special method, 'export_to_level' which is used in situations | ||||
264 | where you can't directly call Exporter's import method. The export_to_level | ||||
265 | method looks like: | ||||
266 | |||||
267 | MyPackage->export_to_level($where_to_export, $package, @what_to_export); | ||||
268 | |||||
269 | where C<$where_to_export> is an integer telling how far up the calling stack | ||||
270 | to export your symbols, and C<@what_to_export> is an array telling what | ||||
271 | symbols *to* export (usually this is C<@_>). The C<$package> argument is | ||||
272 | currently unused. | ||||
273 | |||||
274 | For example, suppose that you have a module, A, which already has an | ||||
275 | import function: | ||||
276 | |||||
277 | package A; | ||||
278 | |||||
279 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); | ||||
280 | @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b); | ||||
281 | |||||
282 | sub import | ||||
283 | { | ||||
284 | $A::b = 1; # not a very useful import method | ||||
285 | } | ||||
286 | |||||
287 | and you want to Export symbol C<$A::b> back to the module that called | ||||
288 | package A. Since Exporter relies on the import method to work, via | ||||
289 | inheritance, as it stands Exporter::import() will never get called. | ||||
290 | Instead, say the following: | ||||
291 | |||||
292 | package A; | ||||
293 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); | ||||
294 | @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b); | ||||
295 | |||||
296 | sub import | ||||
297 | { | ||||
298 | $A::b = 1; | ||||
299 | A->export_to_level(1, @_); | ||||
300 | } | ||||
301 | |||||
302 | This will export the symbols one level 'above' the current package - ie: to | ||||
303 | the program or module that used package A. | ||||
304 | |||||
305 | Note: Be careful not to modify C<@_> at all before you call export_to_level | ||||
306 | - or people using your package will get very unexplained results! | ||||
307 | |||||
308 | =head2 Exporting without inheriting from Exporter | ||||
309 | |||||
310 | By including Exporter in your C<@ISA> you inherit an Exporter's import() method | ||||
311 | but you also inherit several other helper methods which you probably don't | ||||
312 | want. To avoid this you can do | ||||
313 | |||||
314 | package YourModule; | ||||
315 | use Exporter qw( import ); | ||||
316 | |||||
317 | which will export Exporter's own import() method into YourModule. | ||||
318 | Everything will work as before but you won't need to include Exporter in | ||||
319 | C<@YourModule::ISA>. | ||||
320 | |||||
321 | Note: This feature was introduced in version 5.57 | ||||
322 | of Exporter, released with perl 5.8.3. | ||||
323 | |||||
324 | =head2 Module Version Checking | ||||
325 | |||||
326 | The Exporter module will convert an attempt to import a number from a | ||||
327 | module into a call to C<< $module_name->require_version($value) >>. This can | ||||
328 | be used to validate that the version of the module being used is | ||||
329 | greater than or equal to the required version. | ||||
330 | |||||
331 | The Exporter module supplies a default C<require_version> method which | ||||
332 | checks the value of C<$VERSION> in the exporting module. | ||||
333 | |||||
334 | Since the default C<require_version> method treats the C<$VERSION> number as | ||||
335 | a simple numeric value it will regard version 1.10 as lower than | ||||
336 | 1.9. For this reason it is strongly recommended that you use numbers | ||||
337 | with at least two decimal places, e.g., 1.09. | ||||
338 | |||||
339 | =head2 Managing Unknown Symbols | ||||
340 | |||||
341 | In some situations you may want to prevent certain symbols from being | ||||
342 | exported. Typically this applies to extensions which have functions | ||||
343 | or constants that may not exist on some systems. | ||||
344 | |||||
345 | The names of any symbols that cannot be exported should be listed | ||||
346 | in the C<@EXPORT_FAIL> array. | ||||
347 | |||||
348 | If a module attempts to import any of these symbols the Exporter | ||||
349 | will give the module an opportunity to handle the situation before | ||||
350 | generating an error. The Exporter will call an export_fail method | ||||
351 | with a list of the failed symbols: | ||||
352 | |||||
353 | @failed_symbols = $module_name->export_fail(@failed_symbols); | ||||
354 | |||||
355 | If the C<export_fail> method returns an empty list then no error is | ||||
356 | recorded and all the requested symbols are exported. If the returned | ||||
357 | list is not empty then an error is generated for each symbol and the | ||||
358 | export fails. The Exporter provides a default C<export_fail> method which | ||||
359 | simply returns the list unchanged. | ||||
360 | |||||
361 | Uses for the C<export_fail> method include giving better error messages | ||||
362 | for some symbols and performing lazy architectural checks (put more | ||||
363 | symbols into C<@EXPORT_FAIL> by default and then take them out if someone | ||||
364 | actually tries to use them and an expensive check shows that they are | ||||
365 | usable on that platform). | ||||
366 | |||||
367 | =head2 Tag Handling Utility Functions | ||||
368 | |||||
369 | Since the symbols listed within C<%EXPORT_TAGS> must also appear in either | ||||
370 | C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK>, two utility functions are provided which allow | ||||
371 | you to easily add tagged sets of symbols to C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK>: | ||||
372 | |||||
373 | %EXPORT_TAGS = (foo => [qw(aa bb cc)], bar => [qw(aa cc dd)]); | ||||
374 | |||||
375 | Exporter::export_tags('foo'); # add aa, bb and cc to @EXPORT | ||||
376 | Exporter::export_ok_tags('bar'); # add aa, cc and dd to @EXPORT_OK | ||||
377 | |||||
378 | Any names which are not tags are added to C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK> | ||||
379 | unchanged but will trigger a warning (with C<-w>) to avoid misspelt tags | ||||
380 | names being silently added to C<@EXPORT> or C<@EXPORT_OK>. Future versions | ||||
381 | may make this a fatal error. | ||||
382 | |||||
383 | =head2 Generating combined tags | ||||
384 | |||||
385 | If several symbol categories exist in C<%EXPORT_TAGS>, it's usually | ||||
386 | useful to create the utility ":all" to simplify "use" statements. | ||||
387 | |||||
388 | The simplest way to do this is: | ||||
389 | |||||
390 | %EXPORT_TAGS = (foo => [qw(aa bb cc)], bar => [qw(aa cc dd)]); | ||||
391 | |||||
392 | # add all the other ":class" tags to the ":all" class, | ||||
393 | # deleting duplicates | ||||
394 | { | ||||
395 | my %seen; | ||||
396 | |||||
397 | push @{$EXPORT_TAGS{all}}, | ||||
398 | grep {!$seen{$_}++} @{$EXPORT_TAGS{$_}} foreach keys %EXPORT_TAGS; | ||||
399 | } | ||||
400 | |||||
401 | F<CGI.pm> creates an ":all" tag which contains some (but not really | ||||
402 | all) of its categories. That could be done with one small | ||||
403 | change: | ||||
404 | |||||
405 | # add some of the other ":class" tags to the ":all" class, | ||||
406 | # deleting duplicates | ||||
407 | { | ||||
408 | my %seen; | ||||
409 | |||||
410 | push @{$EXPORT_TAGS{all}}, | ||||
411 | grep {!$seen{$_}++} @{$EXPORT_TAGS{$_}} | ||||
412 | foreach qw/html2 html3 netscape form cgi internal/; | ||||
413 | } | ||||
414 | |||||
415 | Note that the tag names in C<%EXPORT_TAGS> don't have the leading ':'. | ||||
416 | |||||
417 | =head2 C<AUTOLOAD>ed Constants | ||||
418 | |||||
419 | Many modules make use of C<AUTOLOAD>ing for constant subroutines to | ||||
420 | avoid having to compile and waste memory on rarely used values (see | ||||
421 | L<perlsub> for details on constant subroutines). Calls to such | ||||
422 | constant subroutines are not optimized away at compile time because | ||||
423 | they can't be checked at compile time for constancy. | ||||
424 | |||||
425 | Even if a prototype is available at compile time, the body of the | ||||
426 | subroutine is not (it hasn't been C<AUTOLOAD>ed yet). perl needs to | ||||
427 | examine both the C<()> prototype and the body of a subroutine at | ||||
428 | compile time to detect that it can safely replace calls to that | ||||
429 | subroutine with the constant value. | ||||
430 | |||||
431 | A workaround for this is to call the constants once in a C<BEGIN> block: | ||||
432 | |||||
433 | package My ; | ||||
434 | |||||
435 | use Socket ; | ||||
436 | |||||
437 | foo( SO_LINGER ); ## SO_LINGER NOT optimized away; called at runtime | ||||
438 | BEGIN { SO_LINGER } | ||||
439 | foo( SO_LINGER ); ## SO_LINGER optimized away at compile time. | ||||
440 | |||||
441 | This forces the C<AUTOLOAD> for C<SO_LINGER> to take place before | ||||
442 | SO_LINGER is encountered later in C<My> package. | ||||
443 | |||||
444 | If you are writing a package that C<AUTOLOAD>s, consider forcing | ||||
445 | an C<AUTOLOAD> for any constants explicitly imported by other packages | ||||
446 | or which are usually used when your package is C<use>d. | ||||
447 | |||||
448 | =head1 Good Practices | ||||
449 | |||||
450 | =head2 Declaring C<@EXPORT_OK> and Friends | ||||
451 | |||||
452 | When using C<Exporter> with the standard C<strict> and C<warnings> | ||||
453 | pragmas, the C<our> keyword is needed to declare the package | ||||
454 | variables C<@EXPORT_OK>, C<@EXPORT>, C<@ISA>, etc. | ||||
455 | |||||
456 | our @ISA = qw(Exporter); | ||||
457 | our @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); | ||||
458 | |||||
459 | If backward compatibility for Perls under 5.6 is important, | ||||
460 | one must write instead a C<use vars> statement. | ||||
461 | |||||
462 | use vars qw(@ISA @EXPORT_OK); | ||||
463 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); | ||||
464 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); | ||||
465 | |||||
466 | =head2 Playing Safe | ||||
467 | |||||
468 | There are some caveats with the use of runtime statements | ||||
469 | like C<require Exporter> and the assignment to package | ||||
470 | variables, which can very subtle for the unaware programmer. | ||||
471 | This may happen for instance with mutually recursive | ||||
472 | modules, which are affected by the time the relevant | ||||
473 | constructions are executed. | ||||
474 | |||||
475 | The ideal (but a bit ugly) way to never have to think | ||||
476 | about that is to use C<BEGIN> blocks. So the first part | ||||
477 | of the L</SYNOPSIS> code could be rewritten as: | ||||
478 | |||||
479 | package YourModule; | ||||
480 | |||||
481 | use strict; | ||||
482 | use warnings; | ||||
483 | |||||
484 | our (@ISA, @EXPORT_OK); | ||||
485 | BEGIN { | ||||
486 | require Exporter; | ||||
487 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); | ||||
488 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); # symbols to export on request | ||||
489 | } | ||||
490 | |||||
491 | The C<BEGIN> will assure that the loading of F<Exporter.pm> | ||||
492 | and the assignments to C<@ISA> and C<@EXPORT_OK> happen | ||||
493 | immediately, leaving no room for something to get awry | ||||
494 | or just plain wrong. | ||||
495 | |||||
496 | With respect to loading C<Exporter> and inheriting, there | ||||
497 | are alternatives with the use of modules like C<base> and C<parent>. | ||||
498 | |||||
499 | use base qw( Exporter ); | ||||
500 | # or | ||||
501 | use parent qw( Exporter ); | ||||
502 | |||||
503 | Any of these statements are nice replacements for | ||||
504 | C<BEGIN { require Exporter; @ISA = qw(Exporter); }> | ||||
505 | with the same compile-time effect. The basic difference | ||||
506 | is that C<base> code interacts with declared C<fields> | ||||
507 | while C<parent> is a streamlined version of the older | ||||
508 | C<base> code to just establish the IS-A relationship. | ||||
509 | |||||
510 | For more details, see the documentation and code of | ||||
511 | L<base> and L<parent>. | ||||
512 | |||||
513 | Another thorough remedy to that runtime vs. | ||||
514 | compile-time trap is to use L<Exporter::Easy>, | ||||
515 | which is a wrapper of Exporter that allows all | ||||
516 | boilerplate code at a single gulp in the | ||||
517 | use statement. | ||||
518 | |||||
519 | use Exporter::Easy ( | ||||
520 | OK => [ qw(munge frobnicate) ], | ||||
521 | ); | ||||
522 | # @ISA setup is automatic | ||||
523 | # all assignments happen at compile time | ||||
524 | |||||
525 | =head2 What not to Export | ||||
526 | |||||
527 | You have been warned already in L</Selecting What To Export> | ||||
528 | to not export: | ||||
529 | |||||
530 | =over 4 | ||||
531 | |||||
532 | =item * | ||||
533 | |||||
534 | method names (because you don't need to | ||||
535 | and that's likely to not do what you want), | ||||
536 | |||||
537 | =item * | ||||
538 | |||||
539 | anything by default (because you don't want to surprise your users... | ||||
540 | badly) | ||||
541 | |||||
542 | =item * | ||||
543 | |||||
544 | anything you don't need to (because less is more) | ||||
545 | |||||
546 | =back | ||||
547 | |||||
548 | There's one more item to add to this list. Do B<not> | ||||
549 | export variable names. Just because C<Exporter> lets you | ||||
550 | do that, it does not mean you should. | ||||
551 | |||||
552 | @EXPORT_OK = qw( $svar @avar %hvar ); # DON'T! | ||||
553 | |||||
554 | Exporting variables is not a good idea. They can | ||||
555 | change under the hood, provoking horrible | ||||
556 | effects at-a-distance, that are too hard to track | ||||
557 | and to fix. Trust me: they are not worth it. | ||||
558 | |||||
559 | To provide the capability to set/get class-wide | ||||
560 | settings, it is best instead to provide accessors | ||||
561 | as subroutines or class methods instead. | ||||
562 | |||||
563 | =head1 SEE ALSO | ||||
564 | |||||
565 | C<Exporter> is definitely not the only module with | ||||
566 | symbol exporter capabilities. At CPAN, you may find | ||||
567 | a bunch of them. Some are lighter. Some | ||||
568 | provide improved APIs and features. Peek the one | ||||
569 | that fits your needs. The following is | ||||
570 | a sample list of such modules. | ||||
571 | |||||
572 | Exporter::Easy | ||||
573 | Exporter::Lite | ||||
574 | Exporter::Renaming | ||||
575 | Exporter::Tidy | ||||
576 | Sub::Exporter / Sub::Installer | ||||
577 | Perl6::Export / Perl6::Export::Attrs | ||||
578 | |||||
579 | =head1 LICENSE | ||||
580 | |||||
581 | This library is free software. You can redistribute it | ||||
582 | and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. | ||||
583 | |||||
584 | =cut | ||||
585 | |||||
586 | |||||
587 | |||||
# spent 312µs within Exporter::CORE:match which was called 1066 times, avg 293ns/call:
# 1066 times (312µs+0s) by Exporter::import at line 58 of Exporter.pm, avg 293ns/call | |||||
# spent 151µs within Exporter::CORE:subst which was called 421 times, avg 359ns/call:
# 393 times (71µs+0s) by Exporter::import at line 50 of Exporter.pm, avg 181ns/call
# 28 times (80µs+0s) by Exporter::as_heavy at line 23 of Exporter.pm, avg 3µs/call |