autobox::Core(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation autobox::Core(3) NAME autobox::Core - Core functions exposed as methods in primitive types SYNOPSIS use autobox::Core; "Hello, World\n"->uc->print; DESCRIPTION The autobox module lets you call methods on primitive datatypes such as scalars and arrays. autobox::CORE defines methods for core operations such as "join", "print", most everything in perlfunc, some things from Scalar::Util and List::Util, and some Perl 5 versions of methods taken from Perl 6. These methods expose as methods the built-in functions for minipulating numbers, strings, arrays, hashes, and code references. It can be handy to use built-in functions as methods to avoid messy dereferencing syntaxes and parentheses pile ups. autobox::Core is what you'd call a stub module. It is merely glue, pre- senting existing functions with a new interface. Most of the methods read like "sub hex ($) { hex($_[0]) }". Besides built-ins that operate on hashes, arrays, scalars, and code references, some Perl 6-ish things were thrown in, and some keyword like "foreach" have been turned into methods. What's Implemented? All of the functions listed in perldoc under the headings: "Functions for real @ARRAYs", "Functions for real %HASHes", "Functions for list data", and "Functions for SCALARs or strings", plus a few taken from other sections and documented below. Methods from Scalar::Util and List::Util were thrown in. Some things expected in Perl 6, such as "last" ("last_idx"), "elems", and "curry", have been thrown in. "flat- ten" explicitly flattens an array. Functions such as "add" have been defined for numeric operations. Here's a small sample: print [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]->pop, "\n"; print [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]->shift, "\n"; my $arrref = [10, 20, 30]; my $lala; $lala = "Lalalalala\n"; print "chomp: ", $lala->chomp, ' ', $lala, "\n"; $lala = "Lalalalala\n"; print "lcfirst: ", $lala->lcfirst, ' ', $lala, "\n"; my $hashref = { foo => 10, bar => 20, baz => 30, qux => 40 }; print "hash keys: ", join ' ', $hashref->keys(), "\n"; Of the built-in stuff, only a few stragglers such as "srand" were excluded. Scalar String Related Methods "concat" is the "." operator. "strip" is not a built-in operator or function but is instead one of a number of user-defined convinience methods. "strip" strips out white- space from the beginning and end of a string. This is redundant and subtely different from "trim" XXX. "trim" strips out whitespace from the beginning and end of a string. "title_case", "center", "ltrim", "rtrim", and "trim" were taken from perl5i. "split" is called on a non-reference scalar with the regular expression passed in. This is done for consistency with "m" and "s". print "10, 20, 30, 40"->split(qr{, ?})->elements, "\n"; "chomp", "chop", "chr", "crypt", "index", "lc", "lcfirst", "length", "ord", "pack", "reverse", "rindex", "sprintf", "substr", "uc", "ucfirst", "unpack", "quotemeta", "vec", "undef", "m", "nm", "s", "split". "eval", "system", and "backtick". "m" matches: "$foo->m(/bar/)" corresponds to "$foo =~ m/bar/". "nm" corresponds to "!~". "s" corresponds to "=~ s///". "undef" assigns "undef" to the value. It is not a test. XXX for some reason, there's no "defined". I/O "print" and "say". Number Related Methods "abs", "atan2", "cos", "exp", "int", "log", "oct", "hex", "rand", "sin", and "sqrt" are named after the built-in functions of the same name. Operators were given names as follows: "add", "and", "band", "bor", "bxor", "cmp", "dec", "div", "eq", "flip", "ge", "gt", "inc", "le", "lshift", "lt", "mod", "mult", "mcmp", "ne", "neg", "meq", "mge", "mgt", "mle", "mlt", "mne", "not", "or", "pow", "rpt", "rshift", "sub", "xor". "flip" is "~" which is the binary (rather than boolean) "not". "lshift" is "<<" and "rshift" is ">>". "mge" is ">=". " is "<=". I'm not sure where the "m" came from. "sub" is subtract, I think, but it should not be named the same as the anonymous subroutine constructor XXX. *is_number = \&Scalar::Util::looks_like_number; sub is_positive { $_[0]->is_number && $_[0] > 0 } sub is_negative { $_[0]->is_number && $_[0] < 0 } sub is_integer { $_[0]->is_number && ((int($_[0]) - $_[0]) == 0) } *is_int = \&is_inte- ger; sub is_decimal { $_[0]->is_number && ((int($_[0]) - $_[0]) != 0) } That's it. Reference Related Methods Besides the "Functions for SCALARs" section of perlfunc, the following were implemented, where they make sense: "tie", "tied", "ref", "undef", "bless", and "vec". "tie", "tied", and "undef" don't work on code ref- erences, and "bless" doesn't work on non-reference scalars (okay, that's no longer true). "quotemeta" works on non-reference scalars, along with "split", "m", and "s" for regular expression operations. "ref" is the same as the "ref" keyword in that it tells you what kind of a reference something is if it's a reference; XXX there's currently no counterpart to the "\" operator, which takes something and gives you a reference to it. Array Methods my $arr = [ 1 .. 10 ]; $arr->undef; Array references can tell you how many elements they contain and the index of their last element: my $arr = [ 1 .. 10 ]; print '$arr contains ', $arr->size, ' elements, the last having an index of ', $arr->last_index, "\n"; Array references have a "flatten" method to dump their elements. This is the same as "@{$array_ref}". my $arr = [ 1 .. 10 ]; print join " -- ", $arr->flatten, "\n"; Array references can be iterated on using "for" and "foreach". Both take a code reference as the body of the for statement. "foreach" passes the current element itself in each pass. "for" passes the index of the current element in to that code block, and then the current ele- ment, and then a reference to the array itself. my $arr = [ 1 .. 10 ]; $arr->foreach(sub { print $_[0], "\n" }); $arr->for(sub { die unless $_[1] == $_[2]->[$_[0]] }); "sum" is a toy poke at doing Language::Functional-like stuff: print $arrref->sum, "\n"; XXX round this out Methods for array creation: "to", "upto", and "downto". 1->to(5); # creates [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 1->upto(5); # creates [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 5->downto(5); # creates [5, 4, 3, 2, 1] These wrap the ".." operator. $arr->first(sub { /5/ }); Hash Methods "each" is like "foreach" but for hash references. For each key in the hash, the code reference is invoked with the key and the corresponding value as arguments: my $hashref = { foo => 10, bar => 20, baz => 30, quux => 40 }; $hashref->each(sub { print $_[0], ' is ', $_[1], "\n" }); There is currently no way to have the elements sorted before they are handed to the code block. If someone requests a way of passing in a sort criteria, I'll implement it. "m" is "m//" and "s" is "s///". These work on scalars. Pass a regular expression created with "qr//" and specify flags to the regular expres- sion as part of the regular expression using the "(?imsx-imsx)" syntax documented in perlre. "m" returns an array reference so that things such as "map" and "grep" may be called on the result. my ($street_number, $street_name, $apartment_number) = "1234 Robin Drive #101"->m(qr{(\d+) (.*)(?: #(\d+))?})->elements; print "$street_number $street_name $apartment_number\n"; Code Methods You may "curry" code references: $adding_up_numbers = sub { my $first_number = shift; my $second_number = shift; return $first_number + $second_number; }; my $adding_five_to_numbers = $adding_up_numbers->curry(5); $adding_five_to_numbers->(20)->print; "\n"->print; "times" executes a coderef a given number of times: 5->times(sub { print "hi\n"}); # XXX likely to change but it's in the code so bloody doc it so I have incentive to rethink it XXX round this out What's Missing? Many operators. I'm tired. I'll do it in the morning. Maybe. Send me a patch. Update: Someone sent me a patch for numeric operations. File and socket operations are already implemented in an object-ori- ented fashion care of IO::Handle, IO::Socket::INET, and IO::Any. Functions listed in the perlfunc headings "System V interprocess commu- nication functions", "Fetching user and group info", "Fetching network info", "Keywords related to perl modules", "Functions for processes and process groups", "Keywords related to scoping", "Time-related func- tions", "Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program", "Functions for filehandles, files, or directories", and "Input and out- put functions". These things are likely implemented in an object ori- ented fashion by other CPAN modules, are keywords and not functions, take no arguments, or don't make sense as part of the string, number, array, hash, or code API. "srand" because you probably shouldn't be using it. "each" on hashes. There is no good reason it is missing. XXX. Autoboxing This section quotes four pages from the manuscript of Perl 6 Now: The Core Ideas Illustrated with Perl 5 by myself, Scott Walters. The text appears in the book starting at page 248. This copy lacks the benefit of copyedit - the finished product is of higher quality. See the shame- less plug in the SEE ALSO section for information on ordering Perl 6 Now. A box is an object that contains a primitive variable. Boxes are used to endow primitive types with the capabilities of objects. This is essential in strongly typed languages but never strictly required in Perl. Programmers might write something like "my $number = Int->new(5)". This is manual boxing. To autobox is to convert a sim- ple type into an object type automatically, or only conceptually. This is done by the language. It makes a language look to programmers as if everything is an object while the interpreter is free to implement data storage however it pleases. Autoboxing is really making simple types such as numbers, strings, and arrays appear to be objects. "int", "num", "bit", "str", and other types with lower case names, are primitives. They're fast to operate on, and require no more memory to store than the data held strictly requires. "Int", "Num", "Bit", "Str", and other types with an initial capital letter, are objects. These may be subclassed (inherited from) and accept traits, among other things. These objects are provided by the system for the sole purpose of representing primitive types as objects, though this has many ancil- lary benefits such as making "is" and "has" work. Perl provides "Int" to encapsulate an "int", "Num" to encapsulate a "num", "Bit" to encap- sulate a "bit", and so on. As Perl's implementations of hashes and dynamically expandable arrays store any type, not just objects, Perl programmers almost never are required to box primitive types in objects. Perl's power makes this feature less essential than it is in other languages. ing makes primitive objects and they're boxed versions equivalent. An "int" may be used as an "Int" with no constructor call, no passing, nothing. This applies to constants too, not just variables: # Perl 6 - autoboxing associates classes with primitives types: print 4.sqrt, "\n"; This is perfectly valid Perl 6. All of this applies to hashes and arrays, as well: # Perl 6 - autoboxing associates classes with primitive types: print [ 1 .. 20 ].elems, "\n"; The language is free to implement data storage however it wishes but the programmer sees the variables as objects. Expressions using autoboxing read somewhat like Latin suffixes. In the autoboxing mind-set, you might not say that something is "made more mnemonic", but has been "mnemonicified". Autoboxing may be mixed with normal function calls. In the case where the methods are available as functions and the functions are available as methods, it is only a matter of personal taste how the expression should be written: # Calling methods on numbers and strings, these three lines are equivalent # Perl 6 print sqrt 4; print 4.sqrt; 4.sqrt.print; The first of these three equivalents assumes that a global "sqrt()" function exists. This first example would fail to operate if this global function were removed and only a method in the "Num" package was left. Perl 5 had the beginnings of autoboxing with filehandles: use IO::Handle; open my $file, '<', 'file.txt' or die $!; $file->read(my $data, -s $file); Here, "read" is a method on a filehandle we opened but never blessed. This lets us say things like "$file->print(...)" rather than the often ambagious "print $file ...". To many people, much of the time, it makes more conceptual sense as well. Reasons to Box Primitive Types What good is all of this? Makes conceptual sense to programmers used to object interfaces as the way to perform options. Alternative idiom. Doesn't require the programmer to write or read expressions with complex precedence rules or strange operators. Many times that parenthesis would otherwise have to span a large expression, the expression may be rewritten such that the parenthesis span only a few primitive types. Code may often be written with fewer temporary variables. Autoboxing provides the benefits of boxed types without the memory bloat of actually using objects to represent primitives. Autoboxing "fakes it". Strings, numbers, arrays, hashes, and so on, each have their own API. Documentation for an "exists" method for arrays doesn't have to explain how hashes are handled and vice versa. Perl tries to accommodate the notion that the "subject" of a statement should be the first thing on the line, and autoboxing furthers this agenda. Perl is an idiomatic language and this is an important idiom. Subject First: An Aside Perl's design philosophy promotes the idea that the language should be flexible enough to allow programmers to place the of a statement first. For example, "die $! unless read $file, 60" looks like the pri- mary purpose of the statement is to "die". While that might be the programmers primary goal, when it isn't, the programmer can communicate his real primary intention to programmers by reversing the order of clauses while keeping the exact same logic: "read $file, 60 or die $!". Autoboxing is another way of putting the subject first. Nouns make good subjects, and in programming, variables, constants, and object names are the nouns. Function and method names are verbs. "$noun->verb()" focuses the readers attention on the thing being acted on rather than the action being performed. Compare to "$verb($noun)". Autoboxing and Method Results In Chapter 11 [Subroutines], we had examples of ways an expression could be written. Here it is again: # Various ways to do the same thing: print(reverse(sort(keys(%hash)))); # Perl 5 - pathological parenthetic print reverse sort keys %hash; # Perl 5 - no unneeded parenthesis print(reverse(sort(%hash,keys)))); # Perl 6 - pathological print reverse sort %hash.keys; # Perl 6 - no unneeded parenthesis %hash.keys ==> sort ==> reverse ==> print; # Perl 6 - pipeline operator %hash.keys.sort.reverse.print; # Perl 6 - autobox %hash->keys->sort->reverse->print; # Perl 5 - autobox This section deals with the last two of these equivalents. These are method calls use autobox::Core; use Perl6::Contexts; my %hash = (foo => 'bar', baz => 'quux'); %hash->keys->sort->reverse->print; # Perl 5 - autobox # prints "foo baz" Each method call returns an array reference, in this example. Another method call is immediately performed on this value. This feeding of the next method call with the result of the previous call is the common mode of use of autoboxing. Providing no other arguments to the method calls, however, is not common. Perl6::Contexts recognizes object context as provided by "->" and coerces %hash and @array into references, suitable for use with auto- box. (Note that autobox also does this automatically as of version 2.40.) autobox associates primitive types, such as references of vari- ous sorts, with classes. autobox::Core throws into those classes meth- ods wrapping Perl's built-in functions. In the interest of full dis- closure, Perl6::Contexts and autobox::Core are my creations. Autobox to Simplify Expressions One of my pet peeves in programming is parenthesis that span large expression. It seems like about the time I'm getting ready to close the parenthesis I opened on the other side of the line, I realize that I've forgotten something, and I have to arrow back over or grab the mouse. When the expression is too long to fit on a single line, it gets broken up, then I must decide how to indent it if it grows to 3 or more lines. # Perl 5 - a somewhat complex expression print join("\n", map { CGI::param($_) } @cgi_vars), "\n"; # Perl 5 - again, using autobox: @cgi_vars->map(sub { CGI::param($_[0]) })->join("\n")->concat("\n")->print; The autoboxed version isn't shorter, but it reads from left to right, and the parenthesis from the "join()" don't span nearly as many charac- ters. The complex expression serving as the value being "join()"ed in the non-autoboxed version becomes, in the autoboxed version, a value to call the "join()" method on. This "print" statement takes a list of CGI parameter names, reads the values for each parameter, joins them together with newlines, and prints them with a newline after the last one. Pretending that this expression were much larger and it had to be bro- ken to span several lines, or pretending that comments are to be placed after each part of the expression, you might reformat it as such: @cgi_vars->map(sub { CGI::param($_[0]) }) # turn CGI arg names into values ->join("\n") # join with newlines ->concat("\n") # give it a trailing newline ->print; # print them all out This could also have been written: sub { CGI::param($_[0]) }->map(@cgi_vars) # turn CGI arg names into values ->join("\n") # join with newlines ->concat("\n") # give it a trailing newline ->print; # print them all out "map()" is . The "map()" method defined in the "autobox::Core::CODE" package takes for its arguments the things to map. The "map()" method defined in the "autobox::Core::ARRAY" package takes for its argument a code reference to apply to each element of the array. Here ends the text quoted from the Perl 6 Now manuscript. BUGS Yes. Report them to the author, scott@slowass.net. The API is not yet stable -- Perl 6-ish things and local extensions are still being renamed. HISTORY Version 0.7 uses autobox itself so you don't have to, as requested, and ... oh hell. I started editing this to fix Schwern's reported v-string warning, but I'm not seeing it. Use "~~" on "@array->grep" if we're using 5.10 or newer. Add an explicit LICENSE section per request. Took many tests and utility functions from perl5i. Version 0.6 propogates arguments to "autobox" and doesn't require you to use "autobox". I still can't test it and am applying patches blindly. Maybe I'll drop the Hash::Util dep in the next version since it and Scalar::Util are constantly wedging on my system. The documen- tation needs to be updated and mention of Perl6::Contexts mostly removed. Also, JJ contributed a "strip" method for scalars - thanks JJ! Version 0.5 has an $arrayref->unshift bug fix and and a new flatten method for hashes. Also, this version is untested because my Hash::Util stopped working, dammit. Version 0.4 got numeric operations, if I remember. Version 0.3 fixes a problem where "unpack" wasn't sure it had enough arguments according to a test introduced in Perl 5.8.6 or perhaps 5.8.5. This problem was reported by Ron Reidy - thanks Ron! Version 0.3 also added the references to Perl 6 Now and the excerpt. Version 0.2 rounded out the API and introduced the beginnings of func- tional-ish methods. Version 0.1 was woefully incomplete. COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE Copyright (C) 2009, 2010 by Scott Walters This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.9 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available. SEE ALSO autobox Moose::Autobox Perl6::Contexts IO::Any Perl 6: . (Shameless plug:) Perl 6 Now: The Core Ideas Illustrated with Perl 5 dedicates a sizable portion of Chapter 14, Objects, to autoboxing and the idea is used heavily throughout the book. Chapter 8, Data Struc- tures, also has numerous examples. See or look for ISBN 1-59059-395-2 at your favorite bookstore for more information. AUTHOR Scott Walters, scott@slowass.net. Also, JJ contributed a "strip" method for scalars - thanks JJ! (Is it wrong to cut and paste documen- tation?) Ricardo SIGNES contributed patches. Thanks to Matt Spear, who contributed tests and definitions for numeric operations. Mitchell N Charity reported a bug and sent a fix. Thanks to chocolateboy for autobox and for the encouragement. perl v5.8.9 2010-03-04 autobox::Core(3)