Many UNIX commands get input from what is known as standard input and send their output to standard output (often abbreviated as ``stdin'' and ``stdout''). Your shell sets things up so that standard input is your keyboard, and standard output is the screen.
Here's an example using the command cat. Normally, cat reads data from all of the filenames given on the command line and sends this data directly to stdout. Therefore, using the command
/home/larry/papers# cat history-final masters-thesis
will display the contents of the file history-final followed by masters-thesis.
However, if no filenames are given to cat as parameters, it instead reads data from stdin, and sends it back to stdout. Here's an example.
/home/larry/papers# cat
Hello there.
Hello there.
Bye.
Bye.
/home/larry/papers#
As you can see, each line that the user types (displayed in italics)
is immediately echoed back by the cat command. When reading from
standard input, commands know that the input is ``finished'' when they
receive an EOT (end-of-text) signal. In general, this is generated by pressing
.
Here's another example. The command sort reads in lines of text (again, from stdin, unless files are given on the command line), and sends the sorted output to stdout. Try the following.
/home/larry/papers# sort
bananas
carrots
apples
apples
bananas
carrots
/home/larry/papers#
Now we can alphabetize our shopping list... isn't UNIX useful?