Installing Slackware on encrypted volumes ========================================= Contents: * Introduction * Using cryptsetup during Slackware installation * Encrypting your '/home' partition * Encrypted swap * Encrypted root filesystem * Combining LUKS and LVM * Additional passphrases, keyfiles * A note on custom kernels Introduction ------------ Increasingly common in modern Linux distributions is the ability to install onto an encrypted partition (or drive, or volume). Especially for people with a laptop who are traveling a lot, it adds a lot to the security of your data if access to that data is denied to the potential thief of your computer. Starting with release 12.0, Slackware has support for LVM built into the installer. With a little more effort, the installer offers the opportunity to use transparent encryption on the partitions/volumes/disks where you install Slackware. You can combine the use of LVM and encryption to minimize the number of times you need to enter an unlock passphrase. If you want to know more about setting up and using LVM during the installation, read the file 'README_LVM.TXT'. Slackware uses device-mapper and cryptsetup to achieve transparent encryption of your data partitions and your swap. Cryptsetup uses a concept called LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) which enables you to change your unlock password for the encrypted volume without having to re-encrypt all of your data. You can even assign multiple passphrases to an encrypted volume, so that other people besides you are able to unlock the encryption without the need to know _your_ passphrase. When preparing a partition for transparent encryption with cryptsetup, the program will ask you for a password. This password is used to encrypt another randomly generated password and this particular password is used to actually encrypt the data inside the mapped volume. Cryptsetup will create a mapped device and make this block device available under the '/dev/mapper' directory. Any data read from or written to this mapped device will automatically be decrypted from / encrypted to the actual partition. A big NOTE finally. When you encrypt your root filesystem, you will have to make sure that there will be at least one (small) partition which is left unencrypted. This partition must contain the kernel(s) you want to boot from, and the initrd image that is needed with encrypted volumes. You need to install LILO either to the MBR - or if that is not possible, into the root sector of this small unencrypted partition. You will probably guess why we can not use an encrypted partition for this... Using cryptsetup during Slackware installation ---------------------------------------------- We are going to enable encryption on some or all of our partitions or volumes before installing Slackware onto them. The first section to follow deals with encrypting a single partition which is not the root partition. Typically, people have a need to encrypt their homedirectories and that is where that section will focus on. Next is a section on encrypting your swap partition in addition to your /home partition. The swap partition contains valuable information for a data thief, even after you power off your computer. By encrypting the swap partition we deny the potential thief access to this data. The section following that will show you how to get a fully encrypted system, by encrypting the root ('/') filesystem as well. This is a little harder to do, but probably worth the effort. To make it more interesting, _and_ easier to use, we will devote a final section to using a combination of LVM and disk encryption. As an example, we will create a single big encrypted partition, and inside that encrypted 'container' we create several Logical Volumes which we will use as our root (/), /home and swap partitions. The advantages of this approach are, that you will need only a single passphrase to unlock your computer, and you will not have to maintain an '/etc/crypttab' file containing information about encrypted volumes that need to be unlocked during boot-up. Additionally, we will be rewarded with a swap partition that we can use for suspend-to-disk and that will remain encrypted after shutdown (so that for instance a potential data thief will not be able to get to your valuable data even if you hibernated your laptop). If you choose this last option to get a fully encrypted Slackware, it is advisable to read the 'README_LVM.TXT' file to make yourself more familiar with the process of creating and using Logical Volumes during installation of Slackware. And then, skip right through to the section of this document called "Combining LUKS and LVM". Encrypting your '/home' partition --------------------------------- After the computer boots up from the install CD/DVD (or USB flash disk, or PXE) and you find yourself at the '#' prompt, the first thing to do is use 'fdisk' or 'cfdisk' to create any partitions you need for your Slackware. Next, use 'cryptsetup' to prepare the partitions you intend to be encrypted. Note: this section of the README concerns itself with setting up encrypted *data* partitions. If you want to know how to configure an encrypted *swap* partition, skip to the section called "Encrypted swap". Suppose, you want to encrypt the partition called '/dev/sdx2' and use it as your '/home' filesystem. (Please replace '/dev/sdx2' with the name of YOUR PARTITION in the next series of examples). Several of the commands shown below will irrevocably destroy any data that you currently have on the partition. It is a good idea to double check the output from 'fdisk -l' before you start. * To begin with, we are going to fill the partition with random data. This will make it a lot harder for any forensics expert to determine where your encrypted data resides on that partition after we're finished installing Slackware onto it. The process will take a long time - depending on the size of your partition it may take hours or more. if you're not _too_ concerned with the possibility of an FBI agent confiscating your computer, you can skip this command: # dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sdx2 * Prepare the partition for encryption. You will be asked twice to enter a passphrase. Note that a passphrase is not limited to a single word. The passphrase may contain spaces. We will use a key size of 256 bits. The default cipher is 'aes', with mode 'cbc-essiv:sha256' which is safe enough. # cryptsetup -s 256 -y luksFormat /dev/sdx2 You can dump information about the encrypted partition to your console by running the following command: # cryptsetup luksDump /dev/sdx2 * Now we will 'open' the encrypted partition and let the devicemapper create a mapped block device. We will use the mapped device which behaves just like an ordinary disk partition when we get to the TARGET selection in 'setup'. The mapped device nodes will be created in the directory '/dev/mapper'. The command will ask you for the passphrase which you entered during the "luksFormat" operation. The last argument that the command takes is the name of the mapped device. We will call our mapped device 'crypthome' (any name will do). It will be available for use as the block device '/dev/mapper/crypthome'. # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdx2 crypthome * We've now finished our preparations, and it is time to start the 'setup' program and install Slackware. This setup does not differ at all from the setup you have become used to. The only notable difference lies in the names of the devices you will select for your target partitions. Be sure to read until the end of the story though, because we will have to do some postprocessing in order to make your encrypted partitions available after reboot (setup can not yet do all of this automatically). * In setup, under "ADDSWAP", proceed as usual and configure a normal unencrypted swap partition, even if you want to have your swap encrypted. We will take care of swap encryption after the installation of Slackware finishes. * In setup, when you choose "TARGET" in the main menu, you will notice that the mapped device is available in the 'Linux partition' selection as "/dev/mapper/crypthome". Select the partition you designated for your root ('/') filesystem, and next select "/dev/mapper/crypthome" for your '/home' filesystem. Create any filesystem you like on them. My favorite fstype still is ext3, but you can choose xfs or jfs for stability and speed. NOTE: The underlying partition will *also* be visible in the target selection menu. Be very careful NOT to select this device ('/dev/sdx2' in our example) for any other filesystem you wish to create, or you will destroy the data on the encrypted partition. * At the end of the Slackware installation when you select "Exit", don't reboot just yet! We are going to create a configuration file for the cryptsetup program, called '/etc/crypttab'. This file contains the information cryptsetup needs for unlocking your encrypted volume and mapping it to the correct device name. The file '/etc/crypttab' contains lines of the format: "mappedname devicename password options". Since we are still inside the installer, the root filesystem of our fresh Slackware installation is still mounted under '/mnt'. For our example where we encrypted '/dev/sdx2' and mapped the unlocked device to '/dev/mapper/crypthome', we need this single line in '/etc/crypttab': crypthome /dev/sdx2 So, we need to run the command: # echo "crypthome /dev/sdx2" > /mnt/etc/crypttab in order to create the file with the required content. You can of course also just start the 'vi' editor and add the above line. When the password is not listed in the crypttab file (potentially very unsafe of course) cryptsetup will ask you for the password when your computer boots. Encrypted swap -------------- Now, remember we have configured the swap partition as usual during the installation of Slackware, which means we have not yet configured it as an encrypted swap. We are going to take care of that omission right now. It really is very simple and straight-forward. It is also independent of whether or not you are using encryption for any other (data) partition. Add the following line to the 'crypttab' file on your fresh installation of Slackware - for the sake of this example I am assuming that the swap partition you chose is '/dev/sdx3': cryptswap /dev/sdx3 none swap You can use the 'vi' editor to add this line to '/mnt/etc/crypttab'. You can also choose to run the following command which adds that line to the end of the file: # echo "cryptswap /dev/sdx3 none swap" >> /mnt/etc/crypttab We need to edit the 'fstab' file of your Slackware installation so that the correct device will be used for the swap after your computer reboots (the device '/dev/sdx3' will no longer be useful, but '/dev/mapper/cryptswap will'). The line in '/mnt/etc/fstab' for your swap will look like this at first: /dev/sdx3 swap swap defaults 0 0 and you will have to change it so that it becomes like this: /dev/mapper/cryptswap swap swap defaults 0 0 These two edits are sufficient. The Slackware boot-up process will take care of the rest. At shutdown of your Slackware, the encrypted swap partition will be reformatted as a normal unencrypted swap, so that any other OS-es you might be running in a multi-boot configuration will have no problems in using this swap partition as well. NOTE: the swap partition is encrypted with a new randomly generated key every time your computer boots. There is no need to ever enter a passphrase! NOTE: having an encrypted swap like this causes a re-format of the swap partition on avery boot-up and shutdown. This is perfectly OK as long as you do not change the order of your hard disks. If you add a disk, or move this disk to another computer, the device name may change (for instance from sda to sdb) and if you forget to modify '/etc/crypttab' your system may end up formatting the wrong partition! Encrypted root filesystem ------------------------- You can go one step further than merely encrypting your '/home' filesystem's partition. You can choose to encrypt _all_ of your Slackware partitions, including the root partition. In that case you will have to perform some additional post-install configuration before you reboot your Slackware box. * Be sure to create a small partition which you leave *unencrypted*. Tell the installer to mount it under '/boot'. The kernel and the initrd (with the cryptsetup and additional required kernel modules) will go there. We are going to assume that Slackware is the only OS on the computer so that you can tell lilo to install the bootloader in the MBR (which is the default option). Lilo is able to boot a Windows if you already had that installed on your computer, so even in the dual-boot situation it should be safe to use the MBR. With other Linux distributions already present on the computer, things may be a little more difficult - you will have to install lilo to the /boot partition then. * Perform a Slackware install just like I described above, creating additional encrypted partitions and mapping them to appropriate names - for this example I assume that you map the encrypted root partition '/dev/sdx1' to 'cryptroot'. When the LILO configuration pops up, tell lilo that your root partition is '/dev/mapper/cryptroot'. Lilo will try to install and fail, and will tell you so. It will however have written a 'lilo.conf' file which we can edit in a follow-up action. Proceed with the installation and at the end, exit the setup program but do _not_ reboot just yet. * After you are returned to the command prompt, perform a 'chroot' into the new installation. All the filesystems are still mounted, and the Slackware installer will already have mounted the /sys and /proc filesystems for use in the 'chroot'. We only need to run the following command: # chroot /mnt * Next, now that we are in the chroot, create the initrd with LVM (if you used Logical Volumes) and CRYPT support - or else your Slackware computer will not be able to proceed past the initial stage of booting the kernel. The initial ramdisk (initrd) contains a small filesystem with the tools needed to unlock the root filesystem, so that the kernel can start the init program. In the example command line below which creates the 'initrd.gz' image I assume that the root filesystem is 'ext3', we used the mapped device 'cryptroot' for the root filesystem on the real partition '/dev/sdx1', and are running the Slackware 12.2 default SMP kernel '2.6.27.7-smp' and we did not use Logical Volumes (more about that in the next section): # mkinitrd -c -k 2.6.27.7-smp -m ext3 -f ext3 -r cryptroot -C /dev/sdx1 * The resulting initrd image will be written to the file '/boot/initrd.gz' by default. We still need to tell lilo about this initrd. Open the configuration file '/etc/lilo.conf' in an editor such as vi or pico - it should already have been generated by the 'liloconfig' part of setup. Look for the "Linux bootable partition config" and add a line for the initrd. We also need to change the kernel file to a generic kernel, because lilo is unable to combine the 'huge' kernels in Slackware 12.2 with an initrd image - it will complain about "The initial RAM disk is too big to fit between the kernel and the 15M-16M memory hole" if you try with a 'huge' kernel. We can live with that, since the 'huge' kernels are not meant for day-to-day use anyway. They are meant to install Slackware on a wide range of computers and that is why they are 'huge'. The linux part of '/etc/lilo.conf' should end up looking somewhat like this: image = /boot/vmlinuz-generic-smp-2.6.27.7-smp initrd = /boot/initrd.gz root = /dev/mapper/cryptroot label = linux read-only If you add the above section as an extra instead of editing what's already present, make sure that the label you use ('linux' in the example above) is unique in the configuration file. * If you have another OS on your computer and can not install lilo to the MBR, you will have selected "Install to superblock (Root)" instead. In that case, we have one additional change to make, and that is almost at the top of the file. Look up the line that says "boot = /dev/mapper/cryptroot" which is the device for your root partition and which was the reason for lilo failing to install. Change the boot device to the name of the small *unencrypted* partition you've created at the beginning and which is mounted under '/boot'. Assuming the name of that partition is '/dev/sdx4', the "boot =" line must become like this: boot = /dev/sdx4 We are done. Write the changes, exit the editor and run the command 'lilo'. Lilo will issue a couple of warnings concerning a difference in what '/proc/partitions' reports and what lilo thinks are the available partitions, but it is safe to ignore these. Reboot now, and you will be presented with a "Enter passphrase: " prompt. After entering the passphrase which unlocks your root filesystem, the system will boot into Slackware. If there are other encrypted partitions, you will be prompted for their respective passphrases, too. Combining LUKS and LVM ---------------------- Until now, we have been occupying ourselves with encrypting separate partitions. This is all fully functional, but there are a few drawbacks. One, you will need to enter a passphrase for every partition you have encrypted (except for the swap which Slackware encrypts with a random passphrase on every boot). Two, the method used for encrypting the swap partition prohibits the use of the swap as a hibernation partition. And since the initrd of Slackware 12.2 supports hibernation, it would be a shame not to be able to use this feature on your laptop (which, because of it's portability, is the primary target for full disk encryption anyway). This section of the README_CRYPT.TXT will deal with these drawbacks and offer you full disk encryption (including swap) that needs only a single passphrase to unlock and allows for hibernation (suspend-to-disk). We are assuming that Slackware will be the only Operating System on your computer. In case you already have an OS installed (such as MS Windows), the procedure may be a little different because you can not always install lilo to the MBR. After booting from the Slackware installation medium, we will create a small unencrypted partition that will contain the Linux kernels and the initrd image(s). The rest of the disk's free space will be dedicated to a single partition which we are going to encrypt. On top of the encrypted volume, we are going to create several Logical Volumes, and these LV's are going to be formatted as our Slackware partitions ('/', '/home' and 'swap'). These are the steps in more detail: * Use (c)fdisk to create your partitions. For the sake of this example, I am going to assume that /dev/sdx1 is a 100 MB large partition and /dev/sdx2 is the large partition that eats up the remainder of your disk's free space. * First, create a LUKS-encrypted volume on top of /dev/sdx2 after filling the partition with random data (read the section "Encrypting your '/home' partition" for more information about why you would want to fill your partition with random data first): # dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sdx2 * Prepare the partition for encryption. You will be asked twice to enter a passphrase. Note that a passphrase is not limited to a single word. The passphrase may contain spaces. We will use a key size of 256 bits. The default cipher is 'aes', with mode 'cbc-essiv:sha256' which is safe enough. # cryptsetup -s 256 -y luksFormat /dev/sdx2 * Open the encrypted partition so that we can start using the mapped device which exposes the partition as an unencrypted block device. The command will ask you for the passphrase which you entered during the "luksFormat" operation. The last argument that the command takes is the name of the mapped device. We will call our mapped device 'slackluks' because I am not feeling original today. The mapped device which we will be using for unencrypted operations will therefore be '/dev/mapper/slackluks'. # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdx2 slackluks * The LVM part is next. Create a Physical Volume (PV) on device '/dev/mapper/slackluks', a Volume Group (VG) called 'cryptvg' - any name will do - on the PV, and three Logical Volumes (LV's) in the VG, one for your root partition (5 GB in size), one for the /home partition (10 GB in size) and a third which we will use for swap (1 GB in size). You will probably use different sizes depending on your environment and wishes, but keep the sum of the LV sizes less than the total size of the Physical Volume: # pvcreate /dev/mapper/slackluks # vgcreate cryptvg /dev/mapper/slackluks # lvcreate -L 5G -n root cryptvg # lvcreate -L 10G -n home cryptvg # lvcreate -L 1G -n swap cryptvg * Create the device nodes needed before activating the volumes, and finally activate the volumes so that we can format the 'swap' volume. # vgscan --mknodes # vgchange -ay * Finally, run 'mkswap' so that the 'setup' program will identify the 'swap' LV as a valid swap partition: # mkswap /dev/cryptvg/swap * With the system properly prepared, you can launch 'setup'. The 'setup' program will identify the LV swap volume and activate it. When appointing the partitions to use for your filesystems, select '/dev/cryptvg/root' for the root partition, next select '/dev/cryptvg/home' to be used for your /home . And lastly, assign the partition /dev/sdx1 to a /boot filesystem. This '/boot' filesystem will be the only unencrypted part of your computer. You will notice that there are several more devices to select from but *don't* touch these! The devices such as /dev/mapper/* are the underlying device names for the encrypted and LVM volumes. If you choose to touch any of these, you will destroy the data on the /dev/cryptvg/* volumes which you are using. After partitioning, we end up with a filesystem configuration like this: /dev/cryptvg/root / /dev/cryptvg/home /home /dev/sdx1 /boot * When installation of the packages has finished, the system configuration will start, and one of the dialogs will be for 'liloconfig'. The assumption is that you are installing Slackware as the only OS on your computer. This means that you must install lilo to the MBR. Even if you have another OS like MS Windows installed already, Slackware's lilo bootloader will be able to boot Windows if you install lilo to the MBR. Choose "expert lilo configuration" with the option "Install to Master Boot Record (MBR)". Select '/dev/cryptvg/root' as the root partition to boot. Add any Windows partition to lilo if you want to dual-boot Windows. Finally, when liloconfig installs the bootloader, you may see an error message stating that the "installation failed". Ignore this, because we will have to add an initrd to '/etc/lilo.conf' anyway and re-run lilo. We will do this after the Slackware installation has come to it's end. * Let the installation complete, and after you select "EXIT" you will be returned to the command prompt. This is where we fix our bootloader. To do so, we will 'chroot' (change root) into our freshly installed Slackware filesystem. The setup program has done all the preparations already, such as re-mounting /sys and /proc below /mnt and generating LVM device nodes in /mnt . Enter the 'chroot' using the command: # chroot /mnt * In the chroot, you create an initrd image with LVM and CRYPT support - or else your Slackware computer will not be able to proceed past the initial stage of booting the kernel. The initial ramdisk (initrd) contains a small filesystem with the tools needed to unlock the root filesystem, so that the kernel can start the init program. In the example command line below which creates the 'initrd.gz' image I assume that you formatted the root filesystem as 'ext3', and will be running the Slackware 12.2 default SMP kernel '2.6.27.7-smp' : # mkinitrd -c -k 2.6.27.7-smp -m ext3 -f ext3 -r /dev/cryptvg/root -C /dev/sdx2 -L NOTE: if you use a non-US keyboard and need to enter a passphrase during boot, this may be problematic if the keyboard mapping is US while Slackware runs from the initrd filesystem. In this case, add support for your keyboard to the initrd image using this additional parameter to the 'mkinitrd' command above: "-l ". The string is the same as the one you select in the installer when your keyboard is non-US. Example for a dutch keyboard: "-l nl". * The resulting initrd image will be written to the file '/boot/initrd.gz' by default. We still need to tell lilo about this initrd, so open the configuration file '/etc/lilo.conf' in an editor such as vi or pico - it should already have been generated by the 'liloconfig' part of setup. Look for the "Linux bootable partition config" and add a line for the initrd. We also need to change the kernel file to a generic kernel, because lilo is unable to combine the 'huge' kernels in Slackware 12.2 with an intrd image - it will complain about "The initial RAM disk is too big to fit between the kernel and the 15M-16M memory hole" if you try a 'huge' kernel. We can live with that, since the 'huge' kernels are not meant for day-to-day use anyway. They are meant to install Slackware on a wide range of computers and that is why they are 'huge'. The linux part of '/etc/lilo.conf' should end up looking somewhat like this: image = /boot/vmlinuz-generic-smp-2.6.27.7-smp initrd = /boot/initrd.gz root = /dev/cryptvg/root label = linux read-only If you add the above section as an extra instead of editing what's already present, make sure that the label you use ('linux' in the example above) is unique in the configuration file. We are done. Save your changes, exit the editor and run the command 'lilo'. Lilo will issue a couple of warnings concerning a difference in what '/proc/partitions' reports and what lilo thinks are the available partitions, but it is safe to ignore these. Reboot now, and you will be presented with a "Enter passphrase: " prompt. After entering the passphrase which unlocks your encrypted partition, the system will boot into Slackware. You will be able to work as usual, and when you shut the machine down (or suspend to disk using the swap partition) all your data (including swap) will be encrypted when stored on disk. As you may have noticed, there was no need to create a file '/etc/crypttab' this time. Also, there is only a single passphrase to enter. Additionally, the swap is encrypted by default which is a big plus if you intend to use a laptop and carry it around with you in a hibernated state. All considered, this is the most elegant way of encrypting your Slackware computer if you do not mind using LVM. Additional passphrases, keyfiles -------------------------------- The cryptsetup program assigns 7 'key slots' to any partition or volume it encrypts. Each of those seven slots can contain a key to unlock the partition's data. The key can be a passphrase, but the content of a *keyfile* is another option. You can then pass the name of a file as a parameter to cryptsetup in order to unlock an encrypted volume so that you won't have to type a passphrase. This creates the possibility to use a keyfile on a removable USB flash disk for unlocking your Slackware computer. Slackware has partial support for keyfiles: if the file can be found, it will be used and you won't have to type a passphrase. A file on a USB stick will *not* be found on boot because the stick's filesystem is not mounted. Future versions of Slackware may support USB sticks as unlocking mechanism. For now, if you encrypt your root filesystem, you will have to enter a passphrase to boot into it. After the root filesystem is unlocked and mounted, it is completely safe to have a keyfile for _additional_ encrypted filesystems stored in for instance the '/root' directory. That way, you have only one passphrase to type. A note on custom kernels ------------------------ If you want to compile your own custom kernel to work with LUKS encrypted partitions, you need to enable at least the following two options in your kernel configuration: Multiple devices driver support (RAID and LVM) ---> <*> Device mapper support <*> Crypt target support This is equivalent to the following options in your .config file: CONFIG_BLK_DEV_DM=y CONFIG_DM_CRYPT=y Do not compile these as module! They are required in your kernel. ============================================================================== Good luck with your fresh Slackware installion on encrypted partition(s)! ============================================================================== Author: Eric Hameleers 09-apr-2008 URLs: http://www.slackware.com/~alien/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=slackware:setup http://www.slackware.com/~alien/tools/mkinitrd_command_generator.sh