This work has grown in a rather original environment, where a new approach to the relationships between mathematics and architecture is conceived. Namely, mathematics is not just considered as a useful calculation tool for structural problems, but is seen by some mathematicians and architects as an interpretative key of architectural forms. Under this aspect, it is capable of highlighting symmetries and harmonic relations among different parts, of making evident a structural logic, thus becoming a tool that lends itself to even critical and historical interpretation. In short, we can state that various aspects of mathematics are used as a technical language, capable of speaking about architecture.

Obviously our efforts are aimed in this direction. Namely, we are trying to apply to some significant classes of classical or modern architectural structures a mathematical taxonomy or, to be more precise, a geometrical model. In other words we want to describe them through mathematical formulae, even though it is very clear to us that such formulae have by no means influenced the creativeness of the designers. The purpose of our exercise is simply to better highlight the shape of the architectural object, to extract from it an inherent rule, to make evident its structural rigor.

The final result of this exercise is a geometrical three-dimension model, that is, a description of the geometrical object (a locus, or set of points) expressed through geometric analytical formulae, and its subsequent display over normal bi-dimensional media, such as paper print or computer screen.
To achieve this result one could use classical methods based on geometrical properties of the described objects. However, our approach is a different one and, as such, it is useful also for shapes that at a first sight are not controlled by "classical" relationships. At the same time, is more readily suitable to a straightforward visualisation.

In this paper we will illustrate the following approach: by establishing a few basic elementary shapes we build the "core" of the architectural objects; by imposing on them movements and deformations, we dynamically determine a final shape; finally, we will give its equations and supply the relevant graphical representations.

ILLUSTRATION: The architectural form generated by linear algebra that corresponds to Sir Norman Foster's American Air Museum in Duxford, Cambridgeshire (UK).

ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Franca Caliò received her doctorate in mathematics from the University of Turin, where she taught before moving to the Department of Mathematics at the Politecnico di Milan, where she is a researcher in Numerical Calculation. Since 1987 she is an associate professor of Numeric Analysis in the Faculty of Engineering of the Politecnico di Milano. In addition to teaching in the area of numeric calculation for engineering students, since 1988 she has also taught courses in mathematics in the Faculty of Architecture of the Politecnico di Milano. She has published numerous papers in Italian and international scientific journals on numeric analysis dealing with the approximation in diverse dimensions with particular applications to integral calculus. In recent years she has partecipated and collaborated in the organization of several interdisciplinary conferences examining the relationships between mathematics and design. She is the author of several textbooks. In particular, her teaching experience in the area of mathematics courses for the doctorate degree in industrial design led to the publication of a textbook presenting mathematical methods of design of curves and surfaces based on linear algebra. She has also collaborated on the production of a multimedia support package on this subject.

Elena Marchetti received her doctorate in mathematics at the Faculty of Sciences at the Università degli Studi di Milano. She was a researcher of mathematical analysis at the Department of Mathematics of the Politecnico di Milano, and since 1988 is an associate professor of "Istituzioni di Matematica" at the Faculty of Architecture of the Politecnico di Milano. For many years she taught in courses of mathematical analysis to engineering students, and since 1988 she teaches mathematics courses to architecture students. Her research activity is concentrated in the area of numeric analysis, principally regarding numeric integration and its applications. She has produced numerous publications in Italian and international scientific journals. Her participation and collaboration in several conferences dedicated to the application of mathematics to architecture has stimulated her interest in this subject. The experience gained through intense years of teaching courses to architecture students has led her to publish several textbooks, one of which regards lines and surfaces and has a multimedia support package, on the production of which she collaborated.

Copyright ©2006 Kim Williams Books