# Introduction to epivizr: interactive visualization for functional genomics

`Epiviz` is an interactive visualization tool for functional genomics data. It supports genome navigation like other genome browsers, but allows multiple visualizations of data within genomic regions using scatterplots, heatmaps and other user-supplied visualizations. It also includes data from the Gene Expression Barcode project for transcriptome visualization. It has a flexible plugin framework so users can add d3 visualizations. You can find more information about Epiviz at http://epiviz.cbcb.umd.edu/help and see a video tour here.

The `epivizr` package implements two-way communication between the `R/Bioconductor` computational genomics environment and `Epiviz`. Objects in an `R` session can be displayed as tracks or plots on Epiviz. Epivizr uses Websockets for communication between the browser Javascript client and the R environmen, the same technology underlying the popular Shiny system for authoring interactive web-based reports in R.

### Preliminaries: the data

In this vignette we will look at colon cancer methylation data from the TCGA project and expression data from the gene expression barcode project. The `epivizrData` package contains human chromosome 11 methylation data from the Illumina 450kHumanMethylation beadarray processed with the `minfi` package. We use expression data from the `antiProfilesData` bioconductor package.

    require(epivizr)

    ## Loading required package: epivizr
    ## Loading required package: Biobase
    ## Loading required package: BiocGenerics
    ## Loading required package: parallel
    ##
    ## Attaching package: 'BiocGenerics'
    ##
    ## The following objects are masked from 'package:parallel':
    ##
    ##     clusterApply, clusterApplyLB, clusterCall, clusterEvalQ,
    ##     clusterExport, clusterMap, parApply, parCapply, parLapply,
    ##     parLapplyLB, parRapply, parSapply, parSapplyLB
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    ## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
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    ##     xtabs
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    ## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
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    ##     anyDuplicated, append, as.data.frame, as.vector, cbind,
    ##     colnames, do.call, duplicated, eval, evalq, Filter, Find, get,
    ##     intersect, is.unsorted, lapply, Map, mapply, match, mget,
    ##     order, paste, pmax, pmax.int, pmin, pmin.int, Position, rank,
    ##     rbind, Reduce, rep.int, rownames, sapply, setdiff, sort,
    ##     table, tapply, union, unique, unlist
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    ## Welcome to Bioconductor
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    ##     Vignettes contain introductory material; view with
    ##     'browseVignettes()'. To cite Bioconductor, see
    ##     'citation("Biobase")', and for packages 'citation("pkgname")'.
    ##
    ## Loading required package: GenomicRanges
    ## Loading required package: IRanges
    ## Loading required package: GenomeInfoDb

    require(antiProfilesData)

    ## Loading required package: antiProfilesData

    data(tcga_colon_example)
    data(apColonData)

The `colon_blocks` object is a `GRanges` object containing chromosome 11 regions of hypo or hyper methylation in colon cancer identified using the `blockFinder` function in the `minfi` package.

    show(colon_blocks)

    ## GRanges with 129 ranges and 11 metadata columns:
    ##         seqnames                 ranges strand   |               value
    ##            <Rle>              <IRanges>  <Rle>   |           <numeric>
    ##     [1]    chr11 [  4407026,   6435089]      *   |  -0.142954896408814
    ##     [2]    chr11 [131239366, 133716186]      *   |  -0.135137323912239
    ##     [3]    chr11 [ 55041873,  57022542]      *   |   -0.17334711677526
    ##     [4]    chr11 [114645223, 116602403]      *   |  -0.140934365473709
    ##     [5]    chr11 [ 78357700,  80184550]      *   |   -0.15603691753532
    ##     ...      ...                    ...    ... ...                 ...
    ##   [125]    chr11   [29644815, 29650449]      *   | -0.0940450729648221
    ##   [126]    chr11   [41943963, 41956273]      *   | -0.0760193132782017
    ##   [127]    chr11   [16298618, 16314417]      *   | -0.0748443876820716
    ##   [128]    chr11   [38740154, 38740154]      *   |  -0.117248761155248
    ##   [129]    chr11   [81757203, 81757203]      *   | -0.0710557720226853
    ##                       area   cluster indexStart  indexEnd         L
    ##                  <numeric> <numeric>  <integer> <integer> <numeric>
    ##     [1]   30.3064380386685       495     130755    131000       212
    ##     [2]   23.9193063324663       520     141959    142173       177
    ##     [3]   19.5882241956043       507     134251    134374       113
    ##     [4]   14.0934365473709       520     140000    140138       100
    ##     [5]   14.0433225781788       507     138132    138249        90
    ##     ...                ...       ...        ...       ...       ...
    ##   [125]  0.188090145929644       497     132733    132734         2
    ##   [126]  0.152038626556403       502     133379    133380         2
    ##   [127]  0.149688775364143       495     131986    131987         2
    ##   [128]  0.117248761155248       499     133331    133331         1
    ##   [129] 0.0710557720226853       508     138263    138263         1
    ##          clusterL            p.value      fwer       p.valueArea  fwerArea
    ##         <integer>          <numeric> <numeric>         <numeric> <numeric>
    ##     [1]      1629                  0         0                 0         0
    ##     [2]      1759                  0         0                 0         0
    ##     [3]      1816                  0         0                 0         0
    ##     [4]      1759                  0         0                 0         0
    ##     [5]      1816                  0         0                 0         0
    ##     ...       ...                ...       ...               ...       ...
    ##   [125]       367 0.0949029198604193         1 0.416952488890214         1
    ##   [126]        45  0.316487220018491         1 0.485758597035402         1
    ##   [127]      1629  0.342091920427093         1 0.494228876494974         1
    ##   [128]         7 0.0564138506964121         1 0.592024814339825         1
    ##   [129]        22  0.729905454979272         1 0.860076351814847         1
    ##   ---
    ##   seqlengths:
    ##     chr1 chr10 chr11 chr12 chr13 chr14 ...  chr6  chr7  chr8  chr9  chrX
    ##       NA    NA    NA    NA    NA    NA ...    NA    NA    NA    NA    NA

The columns `value` and `p.value` can be used to determine which of these regions, or blocks, are interesting by looking at a volcano plot for instance.

    plot(colon_blocks$value, -log10(colon_blocks$p.value), main="Volcano plot", xlab="Avg. methylation difference", ylab="-log10 p-value",xlim=c(-.5,.5))

The `colon_curves` object is another `GRanges` object which contains the basepair resolution methylation data used to define these regions.

    show(colon_curves)

    ## GRanges with 7135 ranges and 7 metadata columns:
    ##          seqnames                 ranges strand   |        id    type
    ##             <Rle>              <IRanges>  <Rle>   | <numeric> <array>
    ##      [1]    chr11       [131996, 132411]      *   |    129466 OpenSea
    ##      [2]    chr11       [189654, 189654]      *   |    129467 OpenSea
    ##      [3]    chr11       [190242, 190242]      *   |    129468 OpenSea
    ##      [4]    chr11       [192096, 192141]      *   |    129469 OpenSea
    ##      [5]    chr11       [192763, 193112]      *   |    129470 OpenSea
    ##      ...      ...                    ...    ... ...       ...     ...
    ##   [7131]    chr11 [134892703, 134892703]      *   |    142360 OpenSea
    ##   [7132]    chr11 [134903175, 134903175]      *   |    142361 OpenSea
    ##   [7133]    chr11 [134910774, 134910774]      *   |    142362 OpenSea
    ##   [7134]    chr11 [134911302, 134911302]      *   |    142363 OpenSea
    ##   [7135]    chr11 [134945848, 134945848]      *   |    142364 OpenSea
    ##          blockgroup      diff    smooth normalMean cancerMean
    ##           <numeric>  <matrix> <numeric>  <numeric>  <numeric>
    ##      [1]        495 -0.088871  -0.12367    0.75449    0.66562
    ##      [2]        495 -0.001245  -0.08656    0.95953    0.95828
    ##      [3]        495 -0.164759  -0.08625    0.68007    0.51531
    ##      [4]        495  0.003095  -0.08527    0.05134    0.05444
    ##      [5]        495 -0.102464  -0.08484    0.55236    0.44989
    ##      ...        ...       ...       ...        ...        ...
    ##   [7131]        520  -0.11395   -0.1421     0.4014     0.2874
    ##   [7132]        520  -0.01149   -0.1530     0.8482     0.8367
    ##   [7133]        520  -0.20066   -0.1628     0.6365     0.4359
    ##   [7134]        520  -0.14014   -0.1635     0.5832     0.4430
    ##   [7135]        520  -0.24670   -0.2309     0.6757     0.4290
    ##   ---
    ##   seqlengths:
    ##     chr1  chr2  chr3  chr4  chr5  chr6 ... chr20 chr21 chr22  chrX  chrY
    ##       NA    NA    NA    NA    NA    NA ...    NA    NA    NA    NA    NA

This basepair resolution data includes mean methylation levels for normal and cancer and a smoothed estimate of methylation difference. This smoothed difference estimate is used to define regions in the `colon_blocks` object.

Finally, the `apColonData` object is an `ExpressionSet` containing gene expression data for colon normal and tumor samples for genes within regions of methylation loss identified this paper. Our goal in this vignette is to visualize this data as we browse the genome.

### The epivizr session manager

The connection to `Epiviz` is managed through a session manager object of class `EpivizDeviceMgr`. We can create this object and open `Epiviz` using the `startEpiviz` function.

    mgr=startEpiviz(workspace="qyOTB6vVnff")

    ## [epivizr] Starting websocket server...

This opens a websocket connection between the interactive `R` session and the browser client. This will allow us to visualize data stored in the `Epiviz` server along with data in the interactive `R` session.

### Adding block region devices

Once the browser is open we can visualize the `colon_blocks` object containing blocks of methylation modifications in colon cancer. We use the `addDevice` method to do so.

    blocks_dev <- mgr$addDevice(colon_blocks, "450k colon_blocks")

Windows users: In Windows platforms we need to use the `service` function to let the interactive `R` session serve data requests from the browser client. We then escape (using `ctl-c` or `esc` depending on your environment) to continue with the interactive `R` session. This is required anytime you want `epivizr` to serve data to the web app, for example, when interacting with the UI. (We are actively developing support for non-blocking sessions in Windows platforms).

    mgr$service()

##

You should now see that a new track is added to the `Epiviz` web app. You can think of this track as an interactive display device in `R`. As you navigate on the browser, data is requested from the `R` session through the websocket connection. Remember to escape to continue with your interactive `R` session. The `blocks_dev` object inherits from class `EpivizDevice`, which contains information about the data being displayed and the chart used to display it. Note that the "brushing" effect we implement in `Epiviz` works for `epivizr` tracks as well.

The point of having interactive data connections to `Epiviz` is that we may want to iteratively compute and visualize our data. For example, we may want to only display methylation blocks inferred at a certain statistical significance level. In this case, we will filter by block size.

    # subset to those with length > 250Kbp
    keep <- width(colon_blocks) > 250000
    mgr$updateDevice(blocks_dev, colon_blocks[keep,])

Now, only this subset of blocks will be displayed in the already existing track.

### Adding line plots along the genome

We have a number of available data types in `epivizr`. In the previous section, we used the `block` type. For the methylation data at base-pair resolution in the `colon_curves` object, we will use the `bp` type.

    # add low-filter smoothed methylation estimates
    means_dev <- mgr$addDevice(colon_curves, "450kMeth",type="bp",columns=c("cancerMean","normalMean"))

Notice that we added two lines in this plot, one for mean methylation in cancer and another for mean methylation in normal. The `columns` argument specifies which columns in `mcols(colon_curves)` will be displayed.

We can also add a track containing the smooth methylation difference estimate used to define methylation blocks.

    diff_dev <- mgr$addDevice(colon_curves,"450kMethDiff",type="bp",columns=c("smooth"),ylim=matrix(c(-.5,.5),nc=1))

We pass limits for the y axis in this case. To see other arguments supported, you can use the help framework in R `?"EpivizDeviceMgr-class"`.

### The session manager again

We can use the session manager to list devices we have added so far, or to remove devices.

    mgr$listDevices()

    ##               id                              type
    ## 1 epivizDevice_1 epiviz.plugins.charts.BlocksTrack
    ## 2 epivizDevice_2   epiviz.plugins.charts.LineTrack
    ## 3 epivizDevice_3   epiviz.plugins.charts.LineTrack
    ##                                        measurements connected
    ## 1                epivizMs_block_1:450k colon_blocks
    ## 2 epivizMs_bp_2:cancerMean,epivizMs_bp_2:normalMean
    ## 3                              epivizMs_bp_3:smooth

    mgr$rmDevice(means_dev)
    mgr$listDevices()

    ##               id                              type
    ## 1 epivizDevice_1 epiviz.plugins.charts.BlocksTrack
    ## 2 epivizDevice_3   epiviz.plugins.charts.LineTrack
    ##                         measurements connected
    ## 1 epivizMs_block_1:450k colon_blocks
    ## 2               epivizMs_bp_3:smooth

### Adding a scatterplot

Now we want to visualize the colon expression data in `apColonData` object as an MA plot in `Epiviz`. First, we add an `"MA"` assay to the `ExpressionSet`:

    keep <- pData(apColonData)$SubType!="adenoma"
    apColonData <- apColonData[,keep]
    status <- pData(apColonData)$Status
    Indexes <- split(seq(along=status),status)

    exprMat <- exprs(apColonData)
    mns <- sapply(Indexes, function(ind) rowMeans(exprMat[,ind]))
    mat <- cbind(colonM=mns[,"1"]-mns[,"0"], colonA=0.5*(mns[,"1"]+mns[,"0"]))
    assayDataElement(apColonData, "MA") <- mat
    show(apColonData)

    ## ExpressionSet (storageMode: lockedEnvironment)
    ## assayData: 5339 features, 53 samples
    ##   element names: exprs, MA
    ## protocolData: none
    ## phenoData
    ##   sampleNames: GSM95473 GSM95474 ... GSM215114 (53 total)
    ##   varLabels: filename DB_ID ... Status (7 total)
    ##   varMetadata: labelDescription
    ## featureData: none
    ## experimentData: use 'experimentData(object)'
    ## Annotation: hgu133plus2

`epivizr` will use the `annotation(apColonData)` annotation to determine genomic locations using the `AnnotationDbi` package so that only probesets inside the current browser window are displayed.

    eset_dev <- mgr$addDevice(apColonData, "MAPlot", columns=c("colonA","colonM"), assay="MA")

    ## Loading required package: hgu133plus2.db
    ## Loading required package: AnnotationDbi
    ## Loading required package: org.Hs.eg.db
    ## Loading required package: DBI

In this case, we specify which data is displayed in each axis of the scatter plot using the `columns` argument. The `assay` arguments indicates where data is obtained.

### The SummarizedExperiment Object

`Epiviz` is also able to display plots of data in the form of a `SummarizedExperiment` object. After loading the `tcga_colon_expression` dataset in the `epivizrData` package, we can see that the `colonSE` object contains information on 239322 exons in 40 samples.

    data(tcga_colon_expression)
    show(colonSE)

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 12800 40
    ## exptData(0):
    ## assays(1): ''
    ## rownames(12800): 143686 149186 ... 149184 149185
    ## rowData metadata column names(2): exon_id gene_id
    ## colnames(40): TCGA-A6-5659-01A-01R-1653-07
    ##   TCGA-A6-5659-11A-01R-1653-07 ... TCGA-D5-5540-01A-01R-1653-07
    ##   TCGA-D5-5541-01A-01R-1653-07
    ## colData names(110): bcr_patient_barcode bcr_sample_uuid ...
    ##   Basename fullID

The `assay` slot holds a matrix of raw sequencing counts, so before we can plot a scatterplot showing expression, we must first normalize the count data. We use the geometric mean of each row as a reference sample to divide each column (sample) by, then use the median of each column as a scaling factor to divide each row (exon) by.

    ref_sample <- 2 ^ rowMeans(log2(assay(colonSE) + 1))
    scaled <- (assay(colonSE) + 1) / ref_sample
    scaleFactor <- Biobase::rowMedians(t(scaled))
    assay_normalized <- sweep(assay(colonSE), 2, scaleFactor, "/")
    assay(colonSE) <- assay_normalized

Now, using the expression data in the `assay` slot and the sample data in the `colData` slot, we can compute mean exon expression by sample type.

    status <- colData(colonSE)$sample_type
    index <- split(seq(along = status), status)
    logCounts <- log2(assay(colonSE) + 1)
    means <- sapply(index, function(ind) rowMeans(logCounts[, ind]))
    mat <- cbind(cancer = means[, "Primary Tumor"], normal = means[, "Solid Tissue Normal"])

Now, create a new `SummarizedExperiment` object with the two column matrix, and all the information about the features of interest, in this case exons, are stored in the `rowData` slot to be queried by `Epiviz`.

    sumexp <- SummarizedExperiment(mat, rowData=rowData(colonSE))
    se_dev <- mgr$addDevice(sumexp, "Mean by Sample Type", columns=c("normal", "cancer"))

Again, the `columns` argument specifies what data will be displayed along which axis.

### Slideshow

We can navigate to a location on the genome using the `navigate` method of the session manager:

    mgr$navigate("chr11", 110000000, 120000000)

There is a convenience function to quickly navigate to a series of locations in succession. We can use that to browse the genome along a ranked list of regions. Let's navigate to the 5 most up-regulated exons in the colon exon expression data.

    foldChange=mat[,"cancer"]-mat[,"normal"]
    ind=order(foldChange,decreasing=TRUE)

    # bounding 1Mb around each exon
    slideshowRegions <- rowData(sumexp)[ind] + 1000000L

    ## Error: attempt to apply non-function

    ## Error: attempt to apply non-function

    ## Error: attempt to apply non-function

    ## Error: attempt to apply non-function

    ## Error: attempt to apply non-function

    ## Error: attempt to apply non-function

    ## Warning: 'ranges' contains values outside of sequence bounds. See ?trim to
    ## subset ranges.

    mgr$slideshow(slideshowRegions, n=5)

    ## Region 1 of 5 . Press key to continue (ESC to stop)...
    ## Region 2 of 5 . Press key to continue (ESC to stop)...
    ## Region 3 of 5 . Press key to continue (ESC to stop)...
    ## Region 4 of 5 . Press key to continue (ESC to stop)...
    ## Region 5 of 5 . Press key to continue (ESC to stop)...

### Closing the session

To close the connection to `Epiviz` and remove all tracks added during the interactive session, we use the `stopServer` function.

    mgr$stopServer()

### SessionInfo

    sessionInfo()

    ## R version 3.1.1 (2014-07-10)
    ## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin10.8.0 (64-bit)
    ##
    ## locale:
    ## [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
    ##
    ## attached base packages:
    ## [1] parallel  stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods
    ## [8] base
    ##
    ## other attached packages:
    ##  [1] hgu133plus2.db_2.14.0  org.Hs.eg.db_2.14.0    RSQLite_0.11.4
    ##  [4] DBI_0.2-7              AnnotationDbi_1.26.0   antiProfilesData_1.0.0
    ##  [7] epivizr_1.2.12         GenomicRanges_1.16.4   GenomeInfoDb_1.0.2
    ## [10] IRanges_1.22.10        Biobase_2.24.0         BiocGenerics_0.10.0
    ## [13] knitrBootstrap_0.9.0
    ##
    ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    ##  [1] evaluate_0.5.5 formatR_0.10   httpuv_1.3.0   knitr_1.6
    ##  [5] markdown_0.7.2 Rcpp_0.11.2    rjson_0.2.14   stats4_3.1.1
    ##  [9] stringr_0.6.2  tools_3.1.1    XVector_0.4.0