DelayedArray-class {DelayedArray} | R Documentation

## DelayedArray objects

### Description

Wrapping an array-like object (typically an on-disk object) in a DelayedArray object allows one to perform common array operations on it without loading the object in memory. In order to reduce memory usage and optimize performance, operations on the object are either delayed or executed using a block processing mechanism.

### Usage

    DelayedArray(seed)  # constructor function
    type(x)

### Arguments

`seed` | An array-like object.
`x` | Typically a DelayedArray object. More generally `type()` is expected to work on any array-like object (that is, any object for which `dim(x)` is not NULL), or any ordinary vector (i.e. atomic or non-atomic).

### In-memory versus on-disk realization

To realize a DelayedArray object (i.e. to trigger execution of the delayed operations carried by the object and return the result as an ordinary array), call `as.array` on it. However this realizes the full object at once in memory which could require too much memory if the object is big. A big DelayedArray object is preferrably realized on disk e.g. by calling `writeHDF5Array` on it (this function is defined in the HDF5Array package) or coercing it to an HDF5Array object with `as(x, "HDF5Array")`. Other on-disk backends can be supported. This uses a block processing strategy so that the full object is not realized at once in memory. Instead the object is processed block by block i.e. the blocks are realized in memory and written to disk one at a time. See `?writeHDF5Array` in the HDF5Array package for more information about this.

### Accessors

DelayedArray objects support the same set of getters as ordinary arrays i.e. `dim()`, `length()`, and `dimnames()`. In addition, they support `type()`, `nseed()`, `seed()`, and `path()`.

`type()` is the DelayedArray equivalent of `typeof()` (or `storage.mode()`) for ordinary arrays and vectors. Note that, for convenience and consistency, `type()` also supports ordinary arrays and vectors. It should also support any array-like object, that is, any object `x` for which `dim(x)` is not NULL.

`dimnames()`, `seed()`, and `path()` also work as setters.

### Subsetting

A DelayedArray object can be subsetted with `[` like an ordinary array, but with the following differences:

- N-dimensional single bracket subsetting (i.e. subsetting of the form `x[i_1, i_2, ..., i_n]` with one (possibly missing) subscript per dimension) returns a DelayedArray object where the subsetting is actually delayed. So it's a very light operation. One notable exception is when `drop=TRUE` and the result has only one dimension, in which case it is realized as an ordinary vector (atomic or list). Note that NAs in the subscripts are not supported.

- 1D-style single bracket subsetting (i.e. subsetting of the form `x[i]`) only works if the subscript `i` is a numeric or logical vector, or a logical array-like object with the same dimensions as `x`, or a numeric matrix with one column per dimension in `x`. When `i` is a numeric vector, all the indices in it must be >= 1 and <= `length(x)`. NAs in the subscripts are not supported. This is NOT a delayed operation (block processing is triggered) i.e. the result is realized as an ordinary vector (atomic or list). One exception is when `x` has only one dimension and `drop` is set to `FALSE`, in which case the subsetting is delayed.

Subsetting with `[[` is supported but only the 1D-style form of it at the moment, that is, subsetting of the form `x[[i]]` where `i` is a single numeric value >= 1 and <= `length(x)`. It is equivalent to `x[i][[1]]`.

Subassignment to a DelayedArray object with `[<-` is also supported like with an ordinary array, but with the following restrictions:

- N-dimensional subassignment (i.e. subassignment of the form `x[i_1, i_2, ..., i_n] <- value` with one (possibly missing) subscript per dimension) only accepts a replacement value (a.k.a. right value) that is an array-like object (e.g. ordinary array, dgCMatrix object, DelayedArray object, etc...) or an ordinary vector (atomic or list) of length 1.

- 1D-style subassignment (a.k.a. 1D-style subassignment, that is, subassignment of the form `x[i] <- value`) only works if the subscript `i` is a logical DelayedArray object of the same dimensions as `x` and if the replacement value is an ordinary vector (atomic or list) of length 1.

- Filling with a vector, that is, subassignment of the form `x[] <- v` where `v` is an ordinary vector (atomic or list), is only supported if the length of the vector is a divisor of `nrow(x)`.

These 3 forms of subassignment are implemented as delayed operations so are very light.

Single value replacement (`x[[...]] <- value`) is not supported yet.

### See Also

- `showtree` for DelayedArray accessors `nseed`, `seed`, and `path`.

- `realize` for realizing a DelayedArray object in memory or on disk.

- `blockApply` and family for convenient block processing of an array-like object.

- DelayedArray-utils for common operations on DelayedArray objects.

- DelayedMatrix-utils for common operations on DelayedMatrix objects.

- DelayedArray-stats for statistical functions on DelayedArray objects.

- DelayedMatrix-stats for DelayedMatrix row/col summarization.

- ConstantArray objects for mimicking an array containing a constant value, without actually creating said array in memory.

- RleArray objects for representing in-memory Run Length Encoded array-like datasets.

- HDF5Array objects in the HDF5Array package.

- DataFrame objects in the S4Vectors package.

- array objects in base R.

### Examples

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## A. WRAP AN ORDINARY ARRAY IN A DelayedArray OBJECT
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    a <- array(runif(1500000), dim=c(10000, 30, 5))
    A <- DelayedArray(a)
    A
    ## The seed of a DelayedArray object is **always** treated as a
    ## "read-only" object so will never be modified by the operations
    ## we perform on A:
    stopifnot(identical(a, seed(A)))
    type(A)

    ## N-dimensional single bracket subsetting:
    m <- a[11:20 , 5, -3]  # an ordinary matrix
    M <- A[11:20 , 5, -3]  # a DelayedMatrix object
    stopifnot(identical(m, as.array(M)))

    ## 1D-style single bracket subsetting:
    A[11:20]
    A[A <= 1e-5]
    stopifnot(identical(a[a <= 1e-5], A[A <= 1e-5]))

    ## Subassignment:
    A[A < 0.2] <- NA
    a[a < 0.2] <- NA
    stopifnot(identical(a, as.array(A)))

    A[2:5, 1:2, ] <- array(1:40, c(4, 2, 5))
    a[2:5, 1:2, ] <- array(1:40, c(4, 2, 5))
    stopifnot(identical(a, as.array(A)))

    ## Other operations:
    crazy <- function(x) (5 * x[ , , 1] ^ 3 + 1L) * log(x[, , 2])
    b <- crazy(a)
    head(b)

    B <- crazy(A)  # very fast! (all operations are delayed)
    B

    cs <- colSums(b)
    CS <- colSums(B)
    stopifnot(identical(cs, CS))

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## B. WRAP A DataFrame OBJECT IN A DelayedArray OBJECT
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## Generate random coverage and score along an imaginary chromosome:
    cov <- Rle(sample(20, 5000, replace=TRUE), sample(6, 5000, replace=TRUE))
    score <- Rle(sample(100, nrun(cov), replace=TRUE), runLength(cov))

    DF <- DataFrame(cov, score)
    A2 <- DelayedArray(DF)
    A2
    seed(A2)  # 'DF'

    ## Coercion of a DelayedMatrix object to DataFrame produces a DataFrame
    ## object with Rle columns:
    as(A2, "DataFrame")
    stopifnot(identical(DF, as(A2, "DataFrame")))

    t(A2)  # transposition is delayed so is very fast and memory-efficient
    colSums(A2)

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## C. AN HDF5Array OBJECT IS A (PARTICULAR KIND OF) DelayedArray OBJECT
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    library(HDF5Array)
    A3 <- as(a, "HDF5Array")   # write 'a' to an HDF5 file
    A3
    is(A3, "DelayedArray")     # TRUE
    seed(A3)                   # an HDF5ArraySeed object

    B3 <- crazy(A3)            # very fast! (all operations are delayed)
    B3                         # not an HDF5Array object anymore because
                               # now it carries delayed operations
    CS3 <- colSums(B3)
    stopifnot(identical(cs, CS3))

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## D. PERFORM THE DELAYED OPERATIONS
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    as(B3, "HDF5Array")        # "realize" 'B3' on disk

    ## If this is just an intermediate result, you can either keep going
    ## with B3 or replace it with its "realized" version:
    B3 <- as(B3, "HDF5Array")  # no more delayed operations on new 'B3'
    seed(B3)
    path(B3)

    ## For convenience, realize() can be used instead of explicit coercion.
    ## The current "automatic realization backend" controls where
    ## realization happens e.g. in memory if set to NULL or in an HDF5
    ## file if set to "HDF5Array":
    D <- cbind(B3, exp(B3))
    D
    setAutoRealizationBackend("HDF5Array")
    D <- realize(D)
    D
    ## See '?setAutoRealizationBackend' for more information about
    ## "realization backends".

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## E. MODIFY THE PATH OF A DelayedArray OBJECT
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## This can be useful if the file containing the array data is on a
    ## shared partition but the exact path to the partition depends on the
    ## machine from which the data is being accessed.
    ## For example:

    ## Not run:
    library(HDF5Array)
    A <- HDF5Array("/path/to/lab_data/my_precious_data.h5")
    path(A)

    ## Operate on A...
    ## Now A carries delayed operations.
    ## Make sure path(A) still works:
    path(A)

    ## Save A:
    save(A, file="A.rda")

    ## A.rda should be small (it doesn't contain the array data).
    ## Send it to a co-worker that has access to my_precious_data.h5.

    ## Co-worker loads it:
    load("A.rda")
    path(A)

    ## A is broken because path(A) is incorrect for co-worker:
    A  # error!

    ## Co-worker fixes the path (in this case this is better done using the
    ## dirname() setter rather than the path() setter):
    dirname(A) <- "E:/other/path/to/lab_data"

    ## A "works" again:
    A

    ## End(Not run)

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## F. WRAP A SPARSE MATRIX IN A DelayedArray OBJECT
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## Not run:
    M <- 75000L
    N <- 1800L
    p <- sparseMatrix(sample(M, 9000000, replace=TRUE),
                      sample(N, 9000000, replace=TRUE),
                      x=runif(9000000), dims=c(M, N))
    P <- DelayedArray(p)
    P
    p2 <- as(P, "sparseMatrix")
    stopifnot(identical(p, p2))

    ## The following is based on the following post by Murat Tasan on the
    ## R-help mailing list:
    ##   https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2017-May/446702.html

    ## As pointed out by Murat, the straight-forward row normalization
    ## directly on sparse matrix 'p' would consume too much memory:
    row_normalized_p <- p / rowSums(p^2)  # consumes too much memory
    ## because the rowSums() result is being recycled (appropriately) into a
    ## *dense* matrix with dimensions equal to dim(p).

    ## Murat came up with the following solution that is very fast and
    ## memory-efficient:
    row_normalized_p1 <- Diagonal(x=1/sqrt(Matrix::rowSums(p^2)))

    ## With a DelayedArray object, the straight-forward approach uses a
    ## block processing strategy behind the scene so it doesn't consume
    ## too much memory.

    ## First, let's see block processing in action:
    DelayedArray:::set_verbose_block_processing(TRUE)
    ## and check the automatic block size:
    getAutoBlockSize()

    row_normalized_P <- P / sqrt(DelayedArray::rowSums(P^2))

    ## Increasing the block size increases the speed but also memory usage:
    setAutoBlockSize(2e8)
    row_normalized_P2 <- P / sqrt(DelayedArray::rowSums(P^2))
    stopifnot(all.equal(row_normalized_P, row_normalized_P2))

    ## Back to sparse representation:
    DelayedArray:::set_verbose_block_processing(FALSE)
    row_normalized_p2 <- as(row_normalized_P, "sparseMatrix")
    stopifnot(all.equal(row_normalized_p1, row_normalized_p2))

    setAutoBlockSize()  # reset automatic block size to factory settings

    ## End(Not run)

[Package DelayedArray version 0.20.0 Index]