The Project Gutenberg EBook of Letter from Monsieur de Cros,... being an answer to Sir Wm Temple's memoirs... [1693], by Monsieur de Cros This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Letter from Monsieur de Cros,... being an answer to Sir Wm Temple's memoirs... [1693] Author: Monsieur de Cros Release Date: June 2, 2010 [EBook #32656] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTER FROM MONSIEUR DE CROS *** Produced by Colin Bell, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net LETTER FROM Monsieur _de CROS_, Who was an Embassador at the Treaty of _Nimeguen_, and a Resident at _England_, in K. _Charles_ the Second's Reign.) To the Lord ---- BEING AN ANSWER TO Sir _Wm TEMPLE_'s MEMOIRS, Concerning what passed from the Year 1672, until the Year 1679. LONDON, Printed for _Abel Roper_ at the _Mitre_, near _Temple-Bar_, 1693, A LETTER from Mons. _de Cros_, &c. _My Lord_, I have been informed of the Calumnies that Sir _W. T._ hath caused to be Printed against me. I know very well that Sir _W._ is of great Worth, and deserves well; and that he hath been a long time employed, and that too upon important occasions; but I am as certain, that he had but a small share in the Secrecy of the late King _Charles_'s Designs in the greatest part of the Affairs, for which he was employed, from 72, till 79, which is the main Subject of his Work. This Consideration alone might not perhaps have given me the curiosity, or at least, any great earnestness to read his Memoirs; and I might have very well judged that I could draw from them no sufficient light and insight for the discovery of so many Intrigues. Nay besides, I might have doubted whether or no these Memoirs might not have been his own Panegyrick upon himself, and the diminution and undervaluing of the real Worth and Glory of several Persons of Quality, and distinguished by their Merit; whose Fortune and Reputation Sir _W. T._ hath so much envied: for I am particularly acquainted with Sir _W_'s Pride. He looks upon himself to have the greatest Reach, to be the wisest and ablest Politician of his Time; and a man may perceive abundance of Satyrical Reflexions scattered here and there in his Work against most illustrious Persons, and that he hath stuffed his Memoirs with his own Praise, and the fond over-weening Opinion he hath of himself. Without doubt this is quite different from that Sincerity and Modesty which reigns throughout the Memoirs of _Villeroy_, in the Negotiations and Transactions of _Jeanin_, in the Letters of Card. _Dossat_, those mighty and truly eminent Persons, esteemed as such by the greatest Princes of their Age; and even still are to this day, by the ablest Politicians, with much more Justice and Glory than Sir _W_'s Book-Seller stiles him, _One of the Greatest Men of this Age_. It had been Sir _W_'s duty to have regulated himself according to their most excellent Pattern. I shall at present only quote one Passage, which I accidentally light on at the first opening his Book, whereby one may easily guess at the greatness of his presumption; in a short time, _My Lord_, I shall give you occasion to observe many others. _The Negotiations_, saith he, _that I managed and transacted at the_ Hague, _at_ Brussels, _at_ Aix la Chapelle, _which saved_ Flanders _from the_ French _Churches, in 68. made People believe I had some Credit and Reputation amongst the_ Spaniards, _as well as in_ Holland. 'Twas a Piece of strange Ingratitude of the _Hollanders_ and _Spaniards_, as well as of his own dear Country-men, so much concern'd for the preservation of _Flanders_, not to rear him a Statue, which, he saith, somewhere else, Mr. _Godolphin_ had promised him. Could Sir. _W. T._ have done any thing to deserve it more; or was there any thing more worthy of Triumph than to have preserved _Flanders_, a Country so important to the _Spaniard_, and the only Bulwark of _Holland_ and _England_? But Sir _W._ was apt to believe he could not find any one who was better able to hammer out his own Glory than himself; and he flattered himself with the Opinion that he should erect himself as many Statues, as there are places in his Memoirs, crouded with intolerable and ridiculous Vain-glory. It was not the Negotiations, my Lord, that Sir _W._ tells us he managed at the _Hague_, _Brussels_, and at _Aix la Chappelle_, which saved _Flanders_ from the hands of the _French_, in 1668. The _French_ published that they were beholding to the most Christian Kings Moderation for that Peace; who was willing to put a stop to the progress and course of his victorious Arms. But the truth of it is, they most justly ascribed all the Merit, and all the Glory of the Peace, and of the Triple League, to the generous resolution and stedfastness of the States-General. They made use, upon this occasion, of a Minister of State far beyond Sir _W._ in Prudence, Experience, and Capacity, one, who was in the Opinion even of his Enemies, the most able Manager of Affairs of his Age. I shall not undertake, my Lord, in this place, strictly to examine Sir _W. Temple_'s _Memoirs_: I will do it shortly if God spare me with Life; nay, and I promise you a Volume of Remarks, at least, as large as his Book. If, like him, I had the Vanity to procure the printing of Memoirs, during my life-time, I could now have a fair pretence so to do, and without all question I should publish more just and solid ones than his are. Not, that I have the presumption to judge my self more capable to do it; but, in several places he relates some things falsly, whereof I am much better informed. The only Hero of my piece shall be Truth, without Complaisance or Flattery; without Passion, no not so much as against him: So that I shall do him the satisfaction and kindness to instruct him better, even touching divers Matters, which he performed and executed, without knowing so much as the reason why he was made to act so. It is not likewise, because I have been one of the Council of the King his Master; yet I have had the Happiness, during some Years, to partake in the Confidence of a Minister of State, who was in several important, weighty Occasions, as it were the _Primum Mobile_ of that Conduct and Management that surprized all the World. You know, my Lord, what Credit he had, and of what nature his Intelligences were. Sir _W._ may well imagine that I did not ill improve this able Ministers Confidence, when Sir _W._ tells us, _That I had wholly devoted my self to him_. Men are not ignorant likewise, that oftentimes I have had some access to the King's Ministers of State, and even near to the King himself,; it did more especially appear, in the business for which I took my Journey to _Nimeguen_; and it would be a great shame that a Man _more cunning and subtil than them all_, according to the King's own testimony, as Sir _W._ relates it, should not have had (considering so much freedom of access and easiness) the address and cunning to dive into the most hidden Springs of Deliberations and Resolutions, wherein the _Swede_ and my Master had so great an Interest. Be therefore assured, my Lord, that after my Death, nay perhaps, whilst I am alive, if need require, and if I be obliged thereto, there will appear some Memoirs, which will divulge some Matters the truth whereof is still so carefully concealed, Sir _W._ doth ingeniously confess that hitherto he was ignorant of them; He, who hath so much quickness of Penetration, and seems to make us believe that he was the King his Master's Confident. You your self, my Lord, have often urged me to acquaint you with such important Secrets, and of such great Consequence; and altho' I could not possibly refuse, upon the account of that honour you do me to afford me any share in your Favours, to let you have a glympse of one part of what pass'd in one of the most important Negotiations of that time; yet you had so much Generosity as not to take the advantage of it you might have done, to the infallible ruine, as was believed, of a Minister whom you take for one of your greatest Enemies; yet on this occasion one could not well lay any thing to his charge, besides his blind obedience to the Will of his Master. The Truth of it is, I am not obliged to have the same Considerations that with held me at that time, but yet I preserve a profound respect for the Memory of the late King, and also a great respect for some Persons, who are even at this time of the day so much concerned, that I should hold my tongue, if it were not for that reason, it would be a very easie matter for me, to make appear without any more adoe, how basely Sir _W._ is mistaken in what he delivers concerning divers Negotiations of _England_; and especially concerning my Journey to _Nimeguen_. My Design is not at all, my Lord, to write you a Letter full of Invectives against Sir _W._ I shall not descend to the Particulars of his Behaviour, and shall tell you no more of them at present, than what is needful to let your self and every body else judge that I have means in my hand to be revenged for the Injury he hath done me. They will be without doubt more just Invectives, than those that he fills his Book withal. He set upon me first. He writes out of a Spirit of Revenge, with a great deal of Heat and Passion, and like a Man that believ'd himself touch'd and wrong'd to the purpose. As for my part, my Lord, I protest I write to you in cold Blood, I do so much scorn the Injury that Sir _W._ affects to do me, that I should but laugh at it, if my silence was not able to persuade you, and those persons whose esteem of me doth do me so much honour, that I have but small care of my reputation. Sir _W._ hath shined a long time, 'tis true; but yet he hath borrowed all his Splendour first of all from the protection of a Lord, whom he betray'd at last, of whom he speaks too insolently in his Memoirs and with abundance of Ingratitude; and then again he advanced himself by the protection of certain other persons to whom he was devoted, to the prejudice of his bounden Duty: _He did so well insinuate himself_ (that I may make use of the Terms he makes use of in speaking of me) into the Favours and into the Confidence of those, near to whom it was necessary for him to have access, that he might have been in a capacity to render considerable Services to the King his Master, and to his Country, if so be he had made better use of this advantage; but he kept it just after the same manner as he had got it; that is to say, that he often came short of exact Faithfulness and Loyalty, which a Minister of State is obliged to maintain inviolably even in the least Matters, that doth plainly appear in his Memoirs. The late King of England _perceived_ it, and was so far convinced of it, that he never made use of him in the last Commissions he committed to his charge, to the States-General; but only out of Consideration of the Acquaintance he had there, who made people conjecture that Sir _W._ might have some Credit amongst the _Spaniards_, as well as in _Holland_, as he himself assures us he had. Neither was he employed, but only upon some Occasions, wherein one would not employ a Man who was a Favourite of the Prince, or for whom he had any value, or in whom he might confide; 'tis a Truth owned and confess'd by Sir _W._ himself in his Memoirs; and a Man may judge of it by the so opposite false steps, that he complains, they caused him to make, and by all the things that were done contrary to the Measures that he had taken, just as if the Court had had a mind to expose him. Besides, the King slighted him after the Peace at _Nimeguen_, and laid him aside, making very little use of him; it was not, what he would make us believe, his love for his own ease, and his Indispositions of body, that made him decline his Employments. Never did Man desire more to have an hand in Affairs; he was removed by reason of the King's secret dissatisfaction at his Services, by that Conduct and Management, which in executing the King's Orders, when they were contrary to his Opinion, and disliking to his Friends, smelt very much like perfidiousness and Treachery, as may principally appear in whatsoever he did for to evade and frustrate the King's Orders, contained in the dispatch I left with him at the _Hague_, to _Nimeguen_, for the conclusion of the Peace, by Order of his Majesty. It is concerning this business that has made so great a noise for which Sir _W._ takes occasion to reproach me, that I am going to relate you some Particulars in the Reflections, that I am obliged to make upon what he says concerning my self. Do not expect, my Lord, that I should teach you here the true Cause of so extraordinary a Resolution which so much surprized Sir _W._ with which Pensioner _Fagel_ was so much astonished, and which in Sirs _W_'s opinion did entirely change the Fate of _Christendom_. I should please him very much, if I should discover so important a Secret, in which many persons in the late and present Reigns have been concerned. I do not doubt but Sir _W._ extremely desires it; he knows very well the greater knowledge of these Practices would perhaps raise a great deal of trouble in the Parliament to some people, whose Ruine he desires at the bottom of his Heart, being little concerned for the reputation of the late King, and envious of the esteem of those that protected him, and who have bestowed so many favours upon him. As for my self at this Conjuncture, in which K. _William_ endeavours the repose of _Christendom_, and the Happiness of _England_ with so much Zeal and Glory, I will not stir up the envy and hatred which has too much appeared in _England_; and, which may perhaps be a great Obstacle to that Union which is so necessary to the happy Execution of the Undertakings of this great Monarch. There arrived, said Sir _W. at that time from_ England, _one whose name was_ de Cros. I shall not stop, my Lord, upon this Term of Contempt, _One called_; it is a very malicious Expression, in respect of my self; the late King of _England_ himself did me the Honour to treat me in Passports, in his Letters, in his Commissions which he charged me with: It is very impudent and rude to speak so of a Man, who is of a good Family, who has had the honour of being employed for almost twenty years, and whom a great Prince and a King have not disdain'd to use as Councellor of State. _He was_ (continues Sir _W._) _a French Monk who had lately quitted his Frock for a Petticoat_. Here is a reproach which ill becomes an Ambassador of a Monarch, who is Defender of the Faith, and of the Protestant Religion; of one who declared so openly at _Nimeguen_, that he would have nothing to do with the Pope's _Nuncio_. I do not know, my Lord, that it is a disgrace to be a Monk; and much less, to have been one formerly: There are indeed amongst them, as well as amongst the rest of Mankind, some miserable Wretches, of a mean Birth, and of a disorderly and infamous Life; People of no use, without Honour, and without Reputation: Sir _W.T._ thought, without doubt, that I was of that Number; but there are likewise several very famous for the Sanctity of their Lives, of an extraordinary Merit, and of the greatest Quality, Sons of Princes and Kings, and Kings themselves, and Popes: But if this sort of Life is not now, as formerly it was, so certain a Character of a good and honest Man, do's Sir _W._ think he can dishonour me, in reproaching me for leaving a Profession which himself thinks so contemptible, for a _Petticoat_? It will not be material in this place to say how I was engaged therein in my tender years. There is nothing more usual in _France_, _Spain_ and _Italy_, where ancient Houses do sacrifice a good part of their Families in Monasteries; 'tis a Maxim, to say the truth, most cruel and horrid. Neither will I relate how, and after what manner I came out of it; however, it was not for a Petticoat. I have remained several years without so much as having any inclination to it; and it hath been apparent that I have had much a-do, and was very much unresolved as to this Choice. There was too great advantage to throw off my Frock for the Petticoat that I have taken, not to do it. It is a Petticoat of a Scotch Stuff, and which hath been a greater Ornament, and done the Crown of _England_ more good than Sir _W._ himself; if he do not know it, the History of _England_ and _Scotland_ in these late Times may inform him. I shall enlarge no further, that I may not engage my self to publish the Misfortunes and Disorders of Sir _W_'s Family; which, I suppose would not be like a Gentleman. I have no reason that I know of, to complain, neither of his Lady, nor his Son, nor of his Daughters. Besides, had I even cast off the Monk's Habit for a Petticoat, I should have done no more than a great many worthy deserving Persons have done; yea, some of the Pope's _Nuncio's_, Cardinals, Bishops, Kings and Princesses too, who have quitted the Veil for the Breeches, whose Posterity, I make no question is highly esteemed and reverenced by Sir _W._ _I did so well insinuate my self_, saith Sir _W. into the Court of_ Sweden, _that I obtained from thence a Commission to be a kind of an Agent in_ England. That is very dirty. I have had the management of Affairs and the Quality of Envoy, when Sir _W._ had no more than that of an Agent or Resident at _Brussels_. I was Envoy at the Court of _England_ before ever I was in _Sweden_, or before ever I had any acquaintance there. I went the first time to _Sweden_ just at that time the late King of _England_ sent me into _Sweden_ and _Denmark_, about the beginning of the Year 1676. The Pretence was for to demand the free passage of Letters; which the King of _Denmark_ refused, for hastening the Congress of _Nimeguen_, in procuring the expedition of Passports, requisite to the Ministers of State who were to compose the Assembly; and also to urge the Departure of the Embassadors belonging to those two Northern Crowns. But now the true Cause was quite another Matter, and of greater consequence; not for the King of _England_, but indeed for another Potentate.--That shall be made appear some time or other in my Memoirs. Had I been a kind of a _Swedish_ Agent, I should not have defended myself in that Point; I should have held it as a great piece of Honour, since it could not chuse but be very glorious and splendid, to have the Affairs of so great a King, in such important Conjunctures as those were, committed to ones charge and care; but at the very time Sir _W._ speaks of, I was dignified with the Quality of Envoy Extraordinary from the Duke of _Holstein Gottorp_, acknowledged and received at the Court of _England_ for such. Sir _W._ knows that very well, there was sent him divers Memoirs to _Nimeguen_ whilst the Mediation lasted, which I had delivered in at _London_, concerning the re-setling my Master; but the Interest and Concerns of this Prince were so indifferent to him, that I was fain to beg of my Lord Treasurer to recommend them more particularly to Sir _Leoline Jenkyns_. Moreover, you may see Sir _W.T._ mentions in his Memoirs all the Potentates that had any interest in the Peace of _Nimeguen_, except the Duke of _Holstein Gottorp_, notwithstanding he had two Ministers at the Congress, and although _France_ had stipulated for his re-establishment in the second Article or Condition of the Peace, such who shall peruse the Memoirs of Sir _W_ might be apt to think that the Duke of _Holstein_ was reckoned as no body in the World, and that he had no part at all in what pass'd in Christendoom, from the commencing of the War in 1672, until the conclusion of the Peace 1679. But Thanks be to God Sir _W._ is not the Steward of Glory and Immortality. Sir _W._ therefore must have often read my Name and Character in the Letters, and Orders of the Court, and cannot have forgot that he came to render me a Visit at my Lodgings, at such time as he, by the King's Order, was to confer with me upon what account Monsieur _Olivencrantz_ might be obliged to pass from _Nimeguen_ into _England_. That _Swedish_ Embassador lodg'd at that time in my house. 'Tis true indeed, as the Interests of my Master were inseparable from those of _Sweden_, I found my self engaged to be very much concerned in the Interests of that Crown in whatsoever might depend on my care: There was an Envoy extraordinary from _Sweden_ at _London_; and yet for all that, the _Swedish_ Ambassadors did me the Honour to maintain a very regular Correspondence by Letters with me: The King of _England_ was also graciously pleased to hear me in what concerned the Affairs of the _Swede_, although I was no otherwise authorized for it. Monsieur _Olivencrantz_, his Voyage to _London_ was contrived first of all by the King and my self, without the least medling or intervention of any one of his Ministers; and then again in the Negotiation, whereof my Voyage to _Nimeguen_ was a Consequence, the Restitution of _Sweden_ was especially insisted upon. All this made many Men believe, that I was intrusted with the Management of the Affairs of this Crown; and Monsieur _Van Beuninguen_ believed it so to be, in the Letter he writ to the Lords States-General, which hath since been printed; where he speaks with so much uncertainty concerning the Voyage I was about to make to _Nimeguen_, and about this Negotiation, that it was evident it was a very great Secret. _Since his being at_ London, saith Sir _W._ speaking of me, _he hath wholly devoted himself to Monsieur_ Barillon, _the_ French _Ambassador, under pretence to act for the Interests of_ Sweden. Monsieur _Barillon_ was not at that time in _London_, when I was sent thither, he came not thither till a long time after; I found Monsieur _le Marquis de Ruvigni_ there, whom Monsieur _Courtin_ succeeded; and after that Monsieur _Barillon_ came to take the place of Monsieur _Courtin_. I never devoted my self to this Ambassador, and I never had any Correspondence or was in League with him prejudicial to my Duty. Nay, it happened the King of _England_ one day, having a design more especially to take into Consideration the _Swedish_ Interests, Monsieur _de Barillon_ diverted him from it; whether for fear lest a particular Peace should be clapp'd up between the _Northern_ Crowns, or else out of Jealousie, that he might leave the Glory of the Restitution of this Crown to the King his Master; and depriving it of all other relief, might keep it in the mean time in a greater dependance. I was so much put to it, and fell out with Mr. _Barillon_ so much thereupon, that I did not so much as speak to him in 3 or 4 months; nay, one day as the King was at Dinner I cast in his teeth what had past in the presence of _Monsieur Wachmeister_, Envoy-Extraordinary from the King of _Sweden_. I do not question but Monsieur _Wachmeister_ remembers it well enough; he is no less worthy to be believed, than he is brave and undaunted. And now after this manner I became all one with the Ambassador of _France_. But yet I must confess that at such time as he stickled for my Master's Interest and that of the _Swede_, I was intirely devoted to him, thinking my self most happy that I was enabled to pay my most humble Services to such a great Monarch, whose Subject I have the honour to be, without failing in my Loyalty and Allegiance, which I ought to pay him before all others whatsoever. Whereupon, my Lord, I shall tell you one thing, in which _Monsieur_ de _Ruvigni_, at present Lord _Galloway_, cannot but agree with me, no, nor _Monsieur Olivencrantz_ neither. The departure of this Ambassador for _England_, occasioned shrewd suspicions both at _Nimeguen_ and _London_ to the _French Ambassadors_. Monsieur _Barillon_ was much alarm'd at it, especially when he saw that Monsieur _Olivencrantz_ lodged at my House, and when he knew that I had offered a Project, upon which I had the Honour sometimes to be in debate with my Lord Treasurer, Monsieur _Barillon_ put all in practice to sift him to the bottom; nevertheless all the offers of this _French_ Embassador proved ineffectual, and wrought thing upon this Man; who, if a man would give credit to Sir _W.T._ was intirely devoted to Mons. _Barillon_, and yet Mons. _Barillon_ found him not to be corrupted or bribed. One would think, my lord, that Sir _W.T._ has a mind to make Men believe, that I was only sent into _Holland_ to carry him a Dispatch from the Court; for he is always harping upon this String, when he mentions my Voyage: Yet please to take notice, my Lord, That he confesseth that it was I, _who procured this Dispatch_. What means the King then, when he says, That _I had been too cunning for them all_? There is not so much Prudence and great Abilities required in a _Courier_; it is sufficient that he be expeditious. But this Message must needs have been Honourable, to employ an Envoy extraordinary of one of the greatest Princes of the Empire, except it be what Sir _W._ hath been pleased to say, That I was so much devoted to the King; yea, and to Monsieur _Barillon_ too, and so little tender of my Master's Dignity, that I would comply with any Offices. If I were a Courier or Messenger, Monsieur _T._ hath at least done me a good Office, in representing me to be, what I would not have the Confidence to believe my self; namely, that I was an able Messenger, a Courier of the Cabinet, and very deep in the King's Trust and Confidence. For before ever Monsieur _T._ spoke of this Dispatch, which as he says, the Court sent him, to be kept as a mighty Secret, _Pensioner_ Fagel, says he, _knew all the Contents, and was quite stun'd at it_. Du Cross _had industriously informed the Deputies of the Town_, (1 Copy from Monsieur _T._) _and had told them that the two Kings were intirely agreed on the Conditions of Peace; that he had carried Orders to Monsieur_ T. _to go to_ Nimeguen, _and that at his Arrival there he would find the Letters of my Lord_ Sunderland, _the_ English _Ambassador, at_ Paris, _with all the Articles as they are concluded between the two Crowns_. Here is, I acknowledge, a very expert Messenger, very knowing in the Secret, and very forward in the work, in 4 or 5 hours time, that I had been at the _Hague_. Monsieur _T._ will be much more stun'd than Monsieur _Fagel_ was, when he shall know hereafter what past at the _Hague_, in that little time that I was there, not having discovered what it really was, neither then, nor since. It was most certainly, something of greater importance than to tell the Deputies of the Towns the Contents of the Dispatch, with which I was intrusted. And Monsieur _T._ will see cleerly one day, how far _this only incident did change the Fate of_ Christendome. _I pretend not_, adds Monsieur _T. to determine by whose Means, and how_ du Cross, _obtained this Dispatch_. And a little lower, _All that I could learn at Court, about this matter, was, that his Orders were made up one morning, in an hours time, at the Dutchess of_ Portsmouths _apartment, by the intervention of Monsieur_ Barillon. It's pity, that an _English_ Ambassadour, that all the King his Master's Council (if one can believe it) that a Man, who if he had pleased himself, might have been several times Secretary of State, should be so little informed, I will not say during his absence, while he remained at the _Hague_, and at _Nimeguin_, but even since his return into _England_, of what past there, and chiefly in that very affair, wherein Monsieur _T._ was more exercised than in any other Business that he ever undertook. But how he could be know it, since neither the Duke of _York_ nor my Lord Treasurer, nor hardly the King himself (if we may believe Monsieur _T._) knew any thing of it; And _that these Orders were made in one morning, in an hours time, at the Dutchess of_ Portsmouths _Apartment, by the Interception of Monsieur_ Barillon. Observe now, if you please, my Lord, the Malice of Monsieur _T._ in Relation to Monsieur _Williamson_, on whom he would give in this place, the Character of Perfidy, as he hath done in diverse other parts of his Memoirs. Monsieur _T._ ought to have had at least, some respect for the King, whose Orders Monsieur _Williamson_ did Execute. _I never talkt of it_, says Monsieur _T. to the Secretary of State_ Williamson, as if he would lay that he was sufficiently perswaded that Monsieur _Williamson_ was a Man altogether for _France_, and that he was intirely devoted as well as my self, to Monsieur _Barillon_, and that he was the Author of this Dispatch. Is it not clear that Monsieur _T._ would make us imagine that Monsieur the _Chevalier Williamson_, Secretary of State, the _French_ Ambassador, and the Dutchess of _Portsmouth_ promised these Orders. As for me, tho' I had the Dispatch given me, yet he does not accuse me openly in this place of bearing any other part in this Affair, than only as a Messenger entrusted with the Conveyance. And not only so, but I never went to the Dutchess of _Portsmouths_ Lodgings, she having an irreconcilable aversion for me, and I for her. Can there be a greater absurdity than this? To endeavour to perswade his Readers that the most important affair of that time, on which depended (says Monsieur _T._) _The Fate of Christendom was concluded and made up, in one hours time, in the apartment of the Dutchess of_ Portsmouth, _by the Intervention of Monsieur_ Barillon. Monsieur _T._ is accustomed so little to spare the King's Reputation, that he fears not on this occasion, to prostitute it, in a strange manner. He does not only charge him with partiality and connivance, in suffering _Valentiennes_, _Cambray_, St. _Omer_, and several other places in _Flanders_, to be taken, without Murmur or Opposition; But the King of _England_ obliged as much as could be, in the Quality of a Mediator, and more through the Interest of his Kingdoms to procure the Repose of Christendom, yet corrupted by the _French_ Ambassadours, and by the Charms of a Mistress, Sacrifices all _Europe_, and his own Estate, to a Power that is naturally an Enemy to _England_. And this without Ceremony, in an hours time, without the advice of his Council, and hides himself in the Apartment of a Woman, as if he was sensible that he went about an action the most unworthy of the Majesty of a Prince, and the most opposite to the Felicity of his People that could be. For what other Construction can any one make of what Monsieur _T._ says, and can any man conclude, otherwise when he reads this worthy passage in his Memoirs? Certain it is, that this Dispatch was made up by Monsieur _Williamson_, and by the Kings Order. And since the King was pleased to avoid opening his mind hereon to Monsieur _T._ giving him no other answer, but that I had been _more cunning than all of 'em_; Monsieur _T._ might possibly Address himself to Monsieur _Williamson_, who, it may be, might tell him, _by whose means, and how_ Du Cross _had obtained this Dispatch_. 'Tis plain that Monsieur _T._ despairs of penetrating into this Affair; that he knows not where about he is when he speaks of it; and that he only seeks to blacken the Reputation of the King and his Ministers. If the Peace of _Aix la Chapelle_ is his Favourite, because he hath the Vanity to believe it to be intirely his own work; 'tis easie seen that the Peace of _Nimeguen_ is his Aversion, because he is ashamed to have had so small a Part in it as he had, and that the most glorious part of his Life is not to be found in that Negotiation. I would have this Complaisance for Monsieur _T._ though he treats me so ill; I would, at least, in some part, draw him out of this great incertainty, on the subject of the Dispatch which I brought him. He is deceived, when he imputes this Resolution to the Intrigues and Perswasions of _France_. It was neither managed, nor taken, nor dispatcht, at the Dutchess of _Portsmouth_'s; nor was it by the means or intervention of Monsieur _Barillon_. That Ambassadour had no part in it, but on the very Instant when the affair was concluding. He was not so much as present at the Expedition, as he had not been at any time at the Deliberations. The Marquiss of _Ruvigny_, the Son, carryed the first News to the King, his Master, the same day that I parted for _Nimeguen_. Monsieur _Williamson_ knew well what was contained in the Dispatch to Monsieur _T._ in which there was nothing very mysterious. But he was never privy to the secret of the Negotiation, and tho' he was present when I took my leave of the King in Secretary _Coventry_'s Office, yet he was then ignorant of the true subject of my Voyage, and perhaps he never knew it. The King was not at all precipitate, and the affair was not concluded and dispatcht in an hours time. It was treated on, and deliberately considered near Three weeks. There was time given to the Ambassadours of _Swedeland_ to resolve themselves, and make their Answer. The King's design was doubtless aimed for the good of _Europe_, and the publick tranquility, but in truth, he had not in his Eye, nor did he certainly believe _that happy Fate of Christendome_, for which Monsieur _T._ labours so earnestly in consort with some particular Persons, Enemies to the State, Seditious, and Disturbers of the Publick Repose. But _the King said pleasantly_, adds Monsieur _T._ _that the Rogue_ (Coquin) du Cross _had outwitted them all_. If Monsieur _T._ had not made the King say this, and had said it himself, I might have applied to him, with as much Justice as any man in the World, these Verses which I have read somewhere, Coquin, _he calls me, with mighty disdain_. Doubtless, I should answer Monsieur _T._ thus, _Seek your_ Coquins _elsewhere, you're one your self_, But the Person of Kings is sacred. Besides, Can that be an abuse, which is spoken _pleasantly_, without the least design perhaps of offending. For _Coquin_ is a word which the Late King of _England_ often used, when he spoke of People for whom he had notwithstanding Respect and Consideration. 'Tis true, he used the word also very familiarly, when he was angry, but at such times he spoke with indignation, and not pleasantly. The Parliament presented an Address to the King (as Monsieur _T._ reports) in which they represented the Progress of the _French_ Arms, and desired him to stop it before it became more dangerous to _England_, and the other Neighbouring Countries. _Don Bernard de Salinas_ (continues Monsieur _T._) said to certain Members of the Commons, that this Address had so exasperated the King, that he said those who were the Authors of it were a Company of _Coquins_. I remembred at my Arrival in _England_, in 1675, before I was to go into _France_ in Quality of an Envoy, whither I acknowledge his most Christian Majesty would not permit me to come, either because they had informed him that I had embraced the Protestant Religion, or it may be because the King of _France_ would not receive his own Subjects, in the Quality of Ministers of other Princes. It happened, I say, that the King of _England_ (to whom also I had a Commission) bid the _Marquiss of Ruvigni_, one Evening, bring me to his Cabinet, and himself come in with me. The King enquired of me, at the first, what news I could tell him of the Condition of the _Swedes_ Army in _Pomerania_, through which I past, and exprest much concern that the _Constable Wrangle_, not minding to pass forward into the Empire (as Monsieur _T._ says) had thereby different pretences, had attacked the Elector of _Branderburg_ as vigorously and with as much success as he could. I told the King the reason, which concerns not my present subject to report here. Afterwards, I having informed the King of the State of _Germany_, the King believing that I was to pass into _France_, spoke to me in these very words. _Monsieur, tell the King, my Brother, that it is much against my mind that I have made Peace with these_ Coquins, _the_ Hollanders, _Monsieur the Marquiss of_ Ruvigny, _who stands here, knows it well_. Sometime before the making of this Peace, the King talking with Monsieur _de Shrenborn_ Envoy from _Mayence_, told him also, in Relation to the _Hollanders, In a little time, Monsieur, I will bring these_ Coquins _to Reason_. Monsieur _de Barillon_ writ to the Count _d' Avaux_, the _French_ Ambassadour at the _Hague_, certain Discourses which the King had concerning the _Hollanders_. The Count _d' Avaux_ made use of this to encrease the just Suspitions of the _Estates_. He carried the Letters of Monsieur _Barillon_, to Monsieur _Fagel_. Whereupon, the _States_ made a terrible Complaint, and the King of _England_ said on this Occasion to the Duke of _Lauderdale_, that _Monsieur_ Barillon, _and the Count_ d' Avaux _were_ Coquins. Had the King called me _Coquin_, seriously, I ought not to think it any very strange thing; since he hath treated in the same manner the most powerful and wisest Republick of the World, to whom he had so great Obligations; two Ambassadours of his most Christian Majesty, of extraordinary merit, and as honest Men as _France_ ever had; and also the greatest Lords of his own Kingdom who were Authors of the Address which the Commons presented him. There is also this difference, that the King, speaking of those Lords, those Ambassadours, and the _Hollanders_, he called them _Coquins_ in anger, but when he spoke of me, he said it _pleasantly_ (according to Monsieur _T._) _and that I was a cunning_ Coquin, _more cunning than the Duke of_ York, _my Lord Treasurer, the Secretary of State_ Williamson, _and even the King himself_. Either I am much deceived, or all the Ministers of the Confederates that were then at _London_, would have been all _Coquins_ at this rate, and Monsieur _Temple_ himself, and would have deceived those who abused and deceived them. For besides, there is more credit methinks on such like Occasions, _to be a cunning Rogue_, and to pass for a more able Man than the most able Ministers of State, than to be the laughing-stock, and the Fool of a _Monk_ and a sort of Agent; Sir _William Temple_, and some others, were truly so on this occasion. But I would acquaint Sir _W. Temple_ of what he has not perhaps heard of, as he has done the like to me, I do not invent it to revenge my self, and if I would make use of falshoods, I might make recourse to more heinous Affronts; the truth of my Remarks upon his Memoirs, shall be my full satisfaction. What I shall relate may be found in my Letters upon that account to the Prince my Master, and his Ministers: I took no particular care to divulge it immediately to Mounsieur _Barillon_, to whom I was so much devoted; were he alive he might witness that as well as the Aversion the King of _England_ always bore to Sir _W. Temple_; and the little Esteem he had of him at bottom. Upon my return from _Nimeguen_ to _London_, I went immediately to Court, as soon as I came there I meet Prince _Rupert_, who askt me with a sterne Countenance if the Peace was Concluded, I answered him in the Affirmative, upon which he cryed out and said, _O Dissimulation_. After having had the Honour to give his Majesty an account of what was past, I told him of the ill humour I perceived Sir _W. T._ to be in, and what I knew of his neglect of his Majesties Orders; The King seemed very angry with Sir _W_'s. Proceedings, and said, _he was a very impertinent R---- to find fault with my Commands_. But if the late K. of _England_, did not approve of my Conduct in the affairs of _Nimeguen_, which in effect he declared at first in Publick not to be pleased with, in which he play'd his part to admiration: If against his will, I had truly inform'd the several Deputies at the _Hague_, how that the two Kings of _England_ and _France_ were intirely agreed upon Conditions of Peace; if this accident changed the Destiny of _Christendom_, and what endeavours soever the English Court had made, there were no ways to repair the Breach. If I was a Fool, a peice of an Agent, or a Knave, How comes it that the King suffer'd me to stay in _England_ near a year? nay, as long as my Master thought fit. Why was the King so civil to me? Why did he recompence me for my Voyage from _Nimeguen_? Upon what account did the King bestow several other Favours upon me? How comes it, that I haveing made a great Entertainment and Fireworks, to shew my joy for the Re-establishment of the Duke my Master to his Teritories, that the whole Court should do me that Honour as to be present thereat? It was not my quality of Envoy Extraordinary of the Duke _de Gottorp_, that hindred the King to express some kind of resentment against me, and thereupon to bid me avoid the Kingdom. I do well remember the King was just upon the point of making Mounsieur _Van Beuningen_ Ambassador to the States General, to withdraw and get him out of the Land, because he had got the word _Connivance_, to be foisted into a Memorial he presented to the King, for the recalling of the English Forces, which bore Armes in _France_. _Don Barnard de Salinas_ was the Spanish Envoy; the King made much of him, yea and loved him for the particular care he had in _Flanders_ of the education of the E. of _Plym._ one of the Ks. Sons, He did nothing but report up and down, that the King gave the Authors of the Address, presented to his Majesty, by the House of Commons no better name than Rogues. The King had his liberty to reject this Address, as indeed he did, and no ways apprehended the Consequences of it at that time; yet for all that, he banished _Don Bern. de Salinas_, not in the least considering his Character, nor the Kindness wherewith he had always honoured this Minister; Yea and he Banished him too, without any respect to the King of _Spain_. But, for me who had abused and deceived the D. of _York_, My Lord Treasurer, ay, and the K. himself, who had overthrown all those fair and vast Projects, which the Confederates had contrived at _London_ and _Nimeguen_; and Sir _W. T._ at the _Hague_, which had disclosed the Kings dispatches, a _master piece of Secrecy, who was the cause of quite changing the Fate of Christendom_: for me, I say, against whom the P. of _Orange_ had written, and caused to be written so many thundering Letters, against whom all the Ministers of the Confederates called for Vengeance; against whom Sir _W. T._ levelled more of his endeavours to destroy me than the Court did to repair this Breach, and patch up the business, it lets me alone, it does not make the least complaint to the Duke my Master; the K. does me a great many favours, and laughs in his Sleeve at the Surprise, at the Sorrow, and Complaints of the Confederates, and Sir _W. T._ After all that, can any body reasonably believe that the K. of _England_ might have lookt upon me as _a Rogue_: And when he told Sir _W. T._ after a droleing manner that I was a _Rogue and had out witted them all_, may it not be probable, that he had a mind to jeer him, and to make him sensible that he was taken but for Fool? It was very like so to be. I have not gone about, My Lord, to say in this place what I might say, to wipe of all those scandalous impressions that Sir _W. T._ hath such a desire to fasten upon me; I suppose I have given your Lordship sufficiently to understand, that what he hath been pleased to say upon this Theme of me, proceeds from inveterate Spite and Malice. But, what way is there to get clear of one of the most Haughty, and most Revengeful of men, who in his Memoires falls foul upon the reputation even of the greatest Minister, who casts aspersions on the Duke of _Lauderdale_, that most Zealous, and most Faithful Minister, that ever the King was Master of; on My Lord _Arlington_ whom Sir _W._ is bound to respect as his Master, who was his Benefactor, that raised him from his sordid obscurity, and as it were from the Dunghill, to bring him into play, This ingreatful person forsooke him, that he might catch at the shadow and appearance of mending his Fortune; he would not have stuck to ruin My Lord _Arlington_ by base indirect means: This is no hard matter to make out, even by Sir _W. T._ his own Memoirs, but yet I am acquainted with some particulars upon this Subject that make my hair stand an end, nay, and I have not only learnt them from My Lord _Arlingtons_ own mouth, but also from a noted Minister of those times. What a piece of impudence to call in question and tax the Principal Ministers, and the soberest Magistrates of _Holland_, viz. Monsieur _de Beverning_, Monsieur _Valknier_ and others, generally esteemed by every body. To arraign them, I say, some for Avarice, others for Partiality, I had almost said for betraying their Trust. But above all, to give such disadvantagious representations of the E. of _Rochester_, and of Sir _Leoline Jenkyns_; that, it would have been all one if he had said, that Sir _Leoline_, was a man of the other World, a plain downright Ideot, void of insight and Experience: And that _Law. Hyde_, now E. of _Rochester_, was a Lord altogether unacquainted with, and no ways fit for the imployment the King gave him at _Nimeguen_; nevertheless, Sir _Leoline_ was made Secretary of State, and no notice at all taken of Sir _W._ As for _Laurence Hyde_, Sir _W._ speaks first of him, as if he were a Youth, that should have been sent to the University, _I plainly perceive_, saith he, _that the chief design of that Commission was to introduce Mr._ Hyde _into this sort of employment, and to let him understand the manner how the men behave themselves in the same_, then he adds, _He excused himself out of modesty, to have any thing to do with any Conference, and Compiling Dispatches_. Was it out of the respect he owed to Sir _W. T._ or for want of Capacity, that My Lord shewed so much modesty, that he would neither make Dispatches, nor meddle with Conferences, what, he who had been ingaged already, as he was afterwards in very important Affairs; who had been Embassadour in the principal Courts of _Europe_, who was chosen as Chief of the Embasie at _Nime__guen_, one who in all respects is so far above Sir _W.T._ for all these great qualities; yet My Lord, affords Sir _W._ just as much _difference_, as a petty Scholar does a famous Pedant. And to reward him, Sir _W. T._ would make him pass in the world, for an Embassadour that was but at best his Scholar. I make account to tell you, what Sir _W._ dare not acknowledge. Mr. _Hyde_, being more subtile, and of greater Abilities than Sir _W._ and of that quality too, that was not to be exposed, would not intermeddle in a Mediation, which was like to suffer so gross Indignities, as the Mediation of _England_ suffered at the Treaty of _Nimeguen_. One time or other I shall publish those indignities in my Memoires, together with the weakness, and tameness wherewith they were content to suffer them. But now, if Sir _W. T._ hath not spared such Illustrious persons as these: No, not so much as My Lord Treasurer, at present Marquis of _Caermarthen_, laying something to his charge, whom also he does not do that right and Justice, which is due to so great a Minister of State, one of the greatest Wits of the Age, for business; a person so Loyal to the King his Master, that he sacrificed himself for his sake; and after all, so full of zeal for his Country, that he hath bethought himself of all expedients, and hath not feared to expose himself to peril and utter undoing, that he might deliver it from the mischiefs that threaten it; If Sir _Will._ hath not spared the Kings person, whose Dignity and Reputation he so often sacrifices, can I hope to escape his foul mouthed Language. Peradventure he had better have done something else, & something wiser; great Confident of Princes and Ks. the sole preserver of _Flanders_, as he is, than to have entred the list with _a Monk, with a kind of an Agent, and with a cunning Knave_. But his desire of revenge hath prevailed, he believes himself cruelly wrong'd, and he is in the right on't, for that at the _Hague_ and at _Nimeguen_, which he was confident would be the Theatre of his Glory, they made him act a disgraceful ridiculous part. He imagines I am partly the cause of it, either because that my Voyage to _Nimeguen_ might have been the effect of my Negotiation, which he might have gathered by the Kings answer, or, because I might have done nothing in _Holland_, but administer cause of Suspicions and Umbrages, that hasten'd on the Peace, in spite of his Teeth, and Reverst the Treaty he had but lately concluded at the _Hague_. My Lord, If I be not mistaken, here is another occasion of Sir _W.T._ being vext at me. There was a Treaty a foot between _England_ and _Spain_, for which purpose Sir _W._ was employ'd without any other design in reference to _England_, but to abase the Parliament, and no other on the _Spaniards_ side, but only to add a little more reputation to their Affairs. Now the Parliament got nothing by it, and the greatest advantage accrued to the Spaniard, who upon this occasion made him really believe it, and so took him for a Cully. A sad acknowledgment for having _alone saved_ Flanders _for_ Spain! I ridiculed this Treaty, I made observations thereon, that were published in _Holland_, and men judged that the observations were well grounded: After that, and after the business of _Nimeguen_, I was not to expect any Encomiums from so unjust a person as Sir _W. T._ but still he might have writ more like a Gentleman, and have spoken of me without ever loosing the respect which he owed to my Master, without doing so great an injury in my person, both to my Name, and Family out of a merry humour, for in whatsoever past, I performed the duty of a Minister, both zealous and most faithful; Nay, and I did nothing but even by concurrance and good likeing of the King of _England_. I beseech you, My Lord, conserve for me the honour of your gracious favour, and be fully perswaded, that I shall be all my life long, with much respect. _Your most humble_, &c. FINIS. AN ADVERTISEMENT, Concerning the Foregoing Letter. _It is now some Months ago since the Foreign Journals gave us to understand, that_ Mousieur de Cross, _the Ingenious Author of the foregoing Treatise, was meditating an Answer to Sir_ William Temple's _Memoirs. As nothing more sensibly touches us, than to have our Reputation wounded by those Persons whom we never injured. We are not to admire that our Author who thought himself unjustly attacked in these_ Memoirs, _took the first opportunity to justifie his proceedings to the World; and if he sometimes falls out into severe or indecent Language, it is to be remembred that he was not the first Agressor, but that his Adversary taught him the way. How well_ M. de Cross _has acquitted himself in this Affair, I will by no means take upon me to determine. Let the Reader, without prejudice or partiality, consider what both Parties say, and then let him judge for himself._ _When these_ Memoirs _first appeared in publick, I remember the_ Criticks _in Town were much divided in their Sentiments about them; some found fault with the Stile, as too luscious and affected; others censured the Digressions, as Foreign to the Business in hand, and particularly the Story of Prince_ Maurice's _Parrot, that (to use Sir_ William's _own Expression_, p. 58.) spoke, and asked, and answered common Questions, like a reasonable Creature. _Lastly, the Graver sort of_ People _were scandalized to see several Persons eminent both for their Station and Quality, and some of them still Living, treated with so much Freedom, and with so little Ceremony; adding, that the Author every where appeared too full of himself, which I find is the very Character, which the_ French _Relator of the Negotiation at_ Nimeguen, _has been pleased to bestow upon him._ _Indeed, as for the Language of the_ Memoirs, _a Man needs but turn over half a dozen Pages to be convinced that the first Objection is just and reasonable. Every Leaf almost stands charged with_ Gallicisms, _more or less; and indeed 'tis odd enough to see a Man of Sir_ William Temples's _Constitution, who all along declares such an invincible Aversion to the_ French _Nation, so fondly doting upon their Expressions, even where he had no necessity to use them. But at the same time, I confess, I am of opinion, that his Digressions are not so faulty, it being not amiss in a just History, but especially in_ Memoirs, _to relieve a serious Scene, now and then, with something that is diverting and agreeable. As for the last Objection, I have nothing to say to it at present, since it is not improbable but that the following Book of_ Monsieur de Cross _may prevail with him to attempt his own Justification._ FINIS. TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES 1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_. 2. Long "s" has been modernized. 3. Apart from changes listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling and punctuation have been retained. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Letter from Monsieur de Cros,... being an answer to Sir Wm Temple's memoirs... [1693], by Monsieur de Cros *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTER FROM MONSIEUR DE CROS *** ***** This file should be named 32656.txt or 32656.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/6/5/32656/ Produced by Colin Bell, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at http://gutenberg.net/license). Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at http://pglaf.org For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit http://pglaf.org While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: http://www.gutenberg.net This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.