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USGS

Isis 3 Application Documentation


phoemplocal

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Fit empirical photometric functions to Hapke

Overview Parameters

Description

    This program finds lunar-Lambert or Minnaert photometric functions
    to approximate a more realistic but more complex Hapke model. The fit
    is performed at a single geometry rather than for a range of phase 
    angles.  The user specifies the phase angle and the incidence and emission 
    angles of the mean ground plane (datum), as well as the RMS (root mean
    squared) slope relative to the dataum.  Artificial data are then created, 
    with slopes drawn from an isotropic Gaussian distribution relative to the 
    datum.  The simpler model is fit at these orientations to the Hapke model 
    by adjusting its one parameter and its overall brightness so that the 
    sum-squared-residual between the two is minimized.  Both the parameter 
    (which, for both types of simple model, mainly controls limb darkening) 
    and the brightness (normalized as an empirical phase curve) are reported.

    This program should serve as a clear example for developing a new program 
    to fit the parameter of an empirical photometric function to part of an
    actual image. The differences can be summarized as follows:
         1) Fit is done only once (not in a table vs. phase angle)
            since the input image has a fixed geometry.
         2) The data to be fit *to* are obtained from an ISIS cube plane
            rather than modeled in in the code.
         3) Similarly, the incidence, emission, and phase angles are
            obtained from backplanes of the same cube and maintained
            in buffers corresponding point-for-point with the image.
         4) Both image data and angles should be converted to double
            precision before being used.
         5) Optionally, a region-of-interest mask could be obtained
            from a backplane and only those pixels in the ROI used
            in the fit.  This would be in addition to the incidence
            and emission angle tests already done in the code.
    

Categories


History

Randy Kirk1999-11-16 USGS Flagstaff Original Version
Janet Barrett2003-01-13 Ported pho_fit_local from the VAX and renamed it pho_emp_local in isis2
Sharmila Prasad2011-08-04 Isis3 Original version, pho_emp_local ported from isis2 to isis3 phoemplocal
Randy Kirk2011-09-25 Updated documentation for the phoemplocal program

Parameter Groups

Files

Name Description
TO Output text file to contain fit parameters
APPEND Append Output to File

User Note

Name Description
NOTE User note to be added to output file

Hapke

Name Description
PHTNAME Surface Photometric Model
WH Single Scattering Albedo
HH Opposition Surge Width
B0 Opposition Surge Strength
THETA Surface roughness in degrees
HG1 Henyey-Greenstein coefficient 1
HG2 Henyey-Greenstein coefficient 2
BH Legendre coefficient 1
CH Legendre coefficient 2

Empirical

Name Description
MODEL Type of empirical photometric function fitted to the Hapke model.

Atmospheric Scattering Model

Name Description
ATMNAME Type of atmospheric scattering model (if any) modifying the surface scattering
TAU Normal atmospheric optical depth
WHA Single-scattering albedo
HGA Henyey-Greenstein coefficient for atmospheric particles
BHA Atmospheric particle Legendre coefficient
HNORM Atmospheric shell thickness
ADDOFFSET Allow additive offset in fit

Mean Ground Plane(Datum) Geometry

Name Description
EMISSION Emission angle
PHASE Phase angle
INCIDENCE Incidence angle
RMS_SLOPE Root mean squared slope

Random Number Generator

Name Description
SEED User Specified Seed
SEED_NUMBER Starting Seed Number
X

Files: TO


Description

The output file will contain the phase angle, best-fit limb darkening parameter, best-fit brightness both in absolute units and relative to the zero phase model and RMS residual to the fit.

Type filename
File Mode output
Internal Default None Specified
Filter *.txt
Close Window
X

Files: APPEND


Description

If this option is selected, the output from the application will be appended to the file. If it is not selected, any information in the TO file will be overwritten.

Type boolean
Default FALSE
Close Window
X

User Note: NOTE


Description

The user can specify a note to be added to the output file using this parameter.

Type string
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Hapke: PHTNAME


Description

A Hapke (1981; 1984; 1966) photometric model is always used as the model to which empirical functions are fitted. The options correspond to variants of the Hapke model with different types of model for the single particle phase (scattering) function.

Type combo
Default HAPKEHEN
Internal Default HAPKEHEN
Option List:
Option Brief Description
HAPKEHEN Use Henyey-Greenstein scattering function in Hapke photometric model This is the two-parameter version of the Henyey-Greenstein single particle phase function, with parameters HG1 and HG2.

Exclusions

  • BH
  • CH
HAPKELEG Use Legendre-Polynomial in Hapke photometric model This is a two-term Legendre Polynomial expansion of the single particle phase function, with parameters BH and CH.

Exclusions

  • HG1
  • HG2
Close Window
X

Hapke: WH


Description

Single-scattering albedo of surface particles. See Hapke (1981). Not to be confused with albedo WHA of the atmospheric particles.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Hapke: HH


Description

Opposition Surge Width. ZEROs are strongly advised as the simple models do not fit the opposition effect well. See Hapke (1984).

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Hapke: B0


Description

Opposition Surge Strength. Magnitude of the opposition effect for the surface. ZEROs are strongly advised as the simple models do not fit the opposition effect well. See Hapke (1984).

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Hapke: THETA


Description

Small scale surface roughness in degrees. "Macroscopic roughness" of the surface as it affects the photometric behavior. This is the root mean squared (RMS) slope at scales larger than the distance photons penetrate the surface but smaller than a pixel. See Hapke (1986).

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Hapke: HG1


Description

Asymmetry parameter used in the Henyey-Greenstein model for the scattering phase function of single particles in the surface, used if PHTNAME=HAPKEHEN. See Hapke (1981). The two-parameter Henyey-Greenstein function is P(phase) = (1-HG2) * (1-HG1**2)/(1+HG1**2+2*HG1*COS(PHASE))**1.5 + HG2 * (1-HG1**2)/(1+HG1**2-2*HG1*COS(PHASE))**1.5

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Hapke: HG2


Description

Second parameter of the two-parameter Henyey-Greenstein model for the scattering phase function of single particles in the surface, used if PHTNAME=HAPKEHEN. This parameter controls the proportions in a linear mixture of ordinary Heneyey-Greenstein phase functions with asymmetry parameters equal to +HG1 and -HG1. See HG1 for the full formula.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Hapke: BH


Description

Coefficient of the first order Legendre polynomial in the single particle phase function. When PHTNAME=HAPKELEG, a two-term Legendre polynomial expansion is used to represent the scattering phase function of single particles in the surface: P(PHASE) = 1 + BH * P1(COS(PHASE)) + CH * P2(COS(PHASE)) where P1 and P2 are the first and second order Legendre polynomials.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Hapke: CH


Description

Coefficient of the second order Legendre polynomial in the single particle phase function. When PHTNAME=HAPKELEG, a two-term Legendre polynomial expansion is used to represent the scattering phase function of single particles in the surface: P(PHASE) = 1 + BH * P1(COS(PHASE)) + CH * P2(COS(PHASE)) where P1 and P2 are the first and second order Legendre polynomials.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Empirical: MODEL


Description

Determines which empirical photometric function will be fitted to the Hapke model. The values of brightness and limb darkening can be used with the lunar-Lambert empirical or Minnaert empirical photometric functions in the photometric normalization program photomet.

Type combo
Internal Default LunarLambert
Option List:
Option Brief Description
LUNARLAMBERT Lunar-Lambert Empirical Photometric Function Fit the Lunar-Lambert Empirical Photometric Function to the Hapke Model. The empirical lunar-Lambert model as defined by McEwen (1991) and used by the program photomet is: Lunar-Lambert FUNC=B(PHASE) * ((1-L(PHASE))*u0 + 2*L(PHASE)*u0/(u0+u))
MINNAERT Minnaert Empirical Photometric Function Fit the Minnaert Empirical Photometric Function to the Hapke Model. The empirical Minnaert model as defined by McEwen (1991) and used by the program photomet is: Minnaert FUNC=B(PHASE) * u0**K(PHASE) * u**(K(PHASE)-1)
Close Window
X

Atmospheric Scattering Model: ATMNAME


Description

If an option other than NONE is selected, an atmospheric scattering model will be included in addition to the surface Hapke model as part of the physical model to which the empirical model is fitted. Six atmospheric models are currently provided, falling into three classes that differ in their treatment of the single particle scattering function for atmospheric particles. Each of these classes of model can be evaluated to a first order (faster) or second order (more accurate) approximation. Atmospheric scattering in all these models both attenuates the surface signal and adds its own (uniform) contribution to the image radiance. Therefore, unless NONE is selected, it makes sense to also set ADDOFFSET=YES so that the additive contribution of the atmosphere will be modeled by an additive constant in the fit. This approach is useful in preparing for photoclinometry (shape from shading), for which images are normally preprocessed by subtracting a uniform haze component that corresponds to the additive term in the fit with ADDOFFSET=YES.

Type combo
Default NONE
Internal Default NONE
Option List:
Option Brief Description
NONE No Atmospheric Scattering Model The radiance from the Hapke surface is not modified by atmospheric scattering.

Exclusions

  • TAU
  • WHA
  • HGA
  • HNORM
  • ADDOFFSET
  • BHA
ISOTROPIC1 First Order Isotropic Atmospheric particles are assumed to scatter light isotropically. The effects of this scattering are calculated exactly to first order.

Exclusions

  • HGA
  • BHA

Inclusions

  • TAU
  • WHA
  • HNORM
  • ADDOFFSET
ISOTROPIC2 Second Order Isotropic Atmospheric particles are assumed to scatter light isotropically. The effects of this scattering are calculated exactly to second order.

Exclusions

  • HGA
  • BHA

Inclusions

  • TAU
  • WHA
  • HNORM
  • ADDOFFSET
ANISOTROPIC1 First Order Anisotropic Atmospheric particles are assumed to scatter light according to a Legendre polynomial model with a single term. The effects of this scattering are calculated exactly to first order.

Exclusions

  • HGA

Inclusions

  • TAU
  • WHA
  • BHA
  • HNORM
  • ADDOFFSET
ANISOTROPIC2 Second Order Anisotropic Atmospheric particles are assumed to scatter light according to a Legendre polynomial model with a single term. The effects of this scattering are calculated exactly to second order.

Exclusions

  • HGA

Inclusions

  • TAU
  • WHA
  • BHA
  • HNORM
  • ADDOFFSET
HAPKEATM1 First Order Henyey-Greenstein Atmospheric particles are assumed to scatter light according to a single parameter Henyey-Greenstein function (see the description of the surface scattering parameter HG1 for the equation that combines two such functions for surface particles). The effects of this scattering are approximated by using a first order solution for multiple scattering by isotropic particles and making a correction to the distribution of singly scattered radiation. The model is called HAPKEATM1 because this correction for the single particle phase function is similar to the one developed by Hapke (1981) for surface scattering.

Exclusions

  • BHA

Inclusions

  • TAU
  • WHA
  • HGA
  • HNORM
  • ADDOFFSET
HAPKEATM2 Second Order Henyey-Greenstein Atmospheric particles are assumed to scatter light according to a single parameter Henyey-Greenstein function (see the description of the surface scattering parameter HG1 for the equation that combines two such functions for surface particles). The effects of this scattering are approximated by using a second order solution for multiple scattering by isotropic particles and making a correction to the distribution of singly scattered radiation. The model is called HAPKEATM2 because this correction for the single particle phase function is similar to the one developed by Hapke (1981) for surface scattering.

Exclusions

  • BHA

Inclusions

  • TAU
  • WHA
  • HGA
  • HNORM
  • ADDOFFSET
Close Window
X

Atmospheric Scattering Model: TAU


Description

Normal atmospheric optical depth

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Atmospheric Scattering Model: WHA


Description

Single-scattering albedo of atmospheric particles, not to be confused with the albedo WH of surface particles.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Atmospheric Scattering Model: HGA


Description

Parameter used in the Henyey-Greenstein single particle phase function for atmospheric particles when ATMNAME=HAPKEATM1 or ATMNAME=HAPKEATM2. This is the asymmetry parameter for a single term Henyey-Greenstein model P(PHASE) = (1-HGA**2)/ (1+HGA**2+2*HGA*COS(PHASE))**1.5 Not to be confused with corresponding parameter HG1 for the surface particles.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Atmospheric Scattering Model: BHA


Description

Coefficient of the first order Legendre polynomial in the single particle phase function for atmospheric scattering. When ATMNAME=ANISOTROPIC1 or ATMNAME=ANISOTROPIC2, a two-term Legendre polynomial expansion is used to represent the scattering phase function of single particles in the atmosphere: P(PHASE) = 1 + BHA * P1(COS(PHASE)) where P1 is the first order Legendre polynomial. Not to be confused with the corresponding parameter BH for the surface.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Atmospheric Scattering Model: HNORM


Description

Atmospheric shell thickness normalized to planet radius, used to correct the path lengths of atmospheric transmission for the spherical geometry of the planet. Default 0.003 is for Mars.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Atmospheric Scattering Model: ADDOFFSET


Description

If true, the additive contribution of the atmosphere will be modeled by an additive constant in the fit of the empirical function at each phase angle.

Type boolean
Default false
Close Window
X

Mean Ground Plane(Datum) Geometry: EMISSION


Description

This is the emission angle of the ground plane at a representative point in the image of interest, measured between the local vertical and the vector from the point on the ground to the spacecraft.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Mean Ground Plane(Datum) Geometry: PHASE


Description

This is the phase angle at a representative point in the image, measured between the vector from that point to the sun and the vector from that point to the spacecraft.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Mean Ground Plane(Datum) Geometry: INCIDENCE


Description

This is the incidence angle of the ground plane at a representative point in the image of interest, measured between the local vertical and the vector from the point on the ground to the sun.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Mean Ground Plane(Datum) Geometry: RMS_SLOPE


Description

The fit will be performed over a set of synthesized data with different orientations. Each component (E-W and N-S) of slope of these data points is normally distributed with a mean of zero and a standard deviation given by this parameter. The fit results should be only weakly dependent on this parameter.

Type double
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window
X

Random Number Generator: SEED


Description

If enabled, this program uses the user defined number as the starting seed for the randomn number generator which is used to generate slopes at which the fit is performed, allowing the same random number sequence to be used multiple times for testing purposes. If disabled, the random number sequence will be initialized from the system clock and the numbers will be different each time the program is run.

Type boolean
Default false
Inclusions
  • SEED_NUMBER
Close Window
X

Random Number Generator: SEED_NUMBER


Description

Starting seed number for randomn number generator

Type integer
Internal Default None Specified
Close Window