This is gdbint.info, produced by Makeinfo version 3.12f from
./gdbint.texinfo.

START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Gdb-Internals: (gdbint).	The GNU debugger's internals.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the internals of the GNU debugger GDB.

   Copyright 1990-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  Contributed by
Cygnus Solutions.  Written by John Gilmore.  Second Edition by Stan
Shebs.

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

   Permission is granted to copy or distribute modified versions of this
manual under the terms of the GPL (for which purpose this text may be
regarded as a program in the language TeX).


File: gdbint.info,  Node: Target Architecture Definition,  Next: Target Vector Definition,  Prev: Host Definition,  Up: Top

Target Architecture Definition
******************************

   GDB's target architecture defines what sort of machine-language
programs GDB can work with, and how it works with them.

   At present, the target architecture definition consists of a number
of C macros.

Registers and Memory
====================

   GDB's model of the target machine is rather simple.  GDB assumes the
machine includes a bank of registers and a block of memory.  Each
register may have a different size.

   GDB does not have a magical way to match up with the compiler's idea
of which registers are which; however, it is critical that they do
match up accurately.  The only way to make this work is to get accurate
information about the order that the compiler uses, and to reflect that
in the `REGISTER_NAME' and related macros.

   GDB can handle big-endian, little-endian, and bi-endian
architectures.

Using Different Register and Memory Data Representations
========================================================

   Some architectures use one representation for a value when it lives
in a register, but use a different representation when it lives in
memory.  In GDB's terminology, the "raw" representation is the one used
in the target registers, and the "virtual" representation is the one
used in memory, and within GDB `struct value' objects.

   For almost all data types on almost all architectures, the virtual
and raw representations are identical, and no special handling is
needed.  However, they do occasionally differ.  For example:

   * The x86 architecture supports an 80-bit long double type.
     However, when we store those values in memory, they occupy twelve
     bytes: the floating-point number occupies the first ten, and the
     final two bytes are unused.  This keeps the values aligned on
     four-byte boundaries, allowing more efficient access.  Thus, the
     x86 80-bit floating-point type is the raw representation, and the
     twelve-byte loosely-packed arrangement is the virtual
     representation.

   * Some 64-bit MIPS targets present 32-bit registers to GDB as 64-bit
     registers, with garbage in their upper bits.  GDB ignores the top
     32 bits.  Thus, the 64-bit form, with garbage in the upper 32
     bits, is the raw representation, and the trimmed 32-bit
     representation is the virtual representation.


   In general, the raw representation is determined by the
architecture, or GDB's interface to the architecture, while the virtual
representation can be chosen for GDB's convenience.  GDB's register
file, `registers', holds the register contents in raw format, and the
GDB remote protocol transmits register values in raw format.

   Your architecture may define the following macros to request raw /
virtual conversions:

 - Target Macro: int REGISTER_CONVERTIBLE (int REG)
     Return non-zero if register number REG's value needs different raw
     and virtual formats.

 - Target Macro: int REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (int REG)
     The size of register number REG's raw value.  This is the number
     of bytes the register will occupy in `registers', or in a GDB
     remote protocol packet.

 - Target Macro: int REGISTER_VIRTUAL_SIZE (int REG)
     The size of register number REG's value, in its virtual format.
     This is the size a `struct value''s buffer will have, holding that
     register's value.

 - Target Macro: struct type *REGISTER_VIRTUAL_TYPE (int REG)
     This is the type of the virtual representation of register number
     REG.  Note that there is no need for a macro giving a type for the
     register's raw form; once the register's value has been obtained,
     GDB always uses the virtual form.

 - Target Macro: void REGISTER_CONVERT_TO_VIRTUAL (int REG, struct type
          *TYPE, char *FROM, char *TO)
     Convert the value of register number REG to TYPE, which should
     always be `REGISTER_VIRTUAL_TYPE (REG)'.  The buffer at FROM holds
     the register's value in raw format; the macro should convert the
     value to virtual format, and place it at TO.

     Note that REGISTER_CONVERT_TO_VIRTUAL and REGISTER_CONVERT_TO_RAW
     take their REG and TYPE arguments in different orders.

 - Target Macro: void REGISTER_CONVERT_TO_RAW (struct type *TYPE, int
          REG, char *FROM, char *TO)
     Convert the value of register number REG to TYPE, which should
     always be `REGISTER_VIRTUAL_TYPE (REG)'.  The buffer at FROM holds
     the register's value in raw format; the macro should convert the
     value to virtual format, and place it at TO.

     Note that REGISTER_CONVERT_TO_VIRTUAL and REGISTER_CONVERT_TO_RAW
     take their REG and TYPE arguments in different orders.

Frame Interpretation
====================

Inferior Call Setup
===================

Compiler Characteristics
========================

Target Conditionals
===================

   This section describes the macros that you can use to define the
target machine.

`ADDITIONAL_OPTIONS'

`ADDITIONAL_OPTION_CASES'

`ADDITIONAL_OPTION_HANDLER'

`ADDITIONAL_OPTION_HELP'
     These are a set of macros that allow the addition of additional
     command line options to GDB.  They are currently used only for the
     unsupported i960 Nindy target, and should not be used in any other
     configuration.

`ADDR_BITS_REMOVE (addr)'
     If a raw machine instruction address includes any bits that are not
     really part of the address, then define this macro to expand into
     an expression that zeros those bits in ADDR.  This is only used for
     addresses of instructions, and even then not in all contexts.

     For example, the two low-order bits of the PC on the
     Hewlett-Packard PA 2.0 architecture contain the privilege level of
     the corresponding instruction.  Since instructions must always be
     aligned on four-byte boundaries, the processor masks out these
     bits to generate the actual address of the instruction.
     ADDR_BITS_REMOVE should filter out these bits with an expression
     such as `((addr) & ~3)'.

`BEFORE_MAIN_LOOP_HOOK'
     Define this to expand into any code that you want to execute
     before the main loop starts.  Although this is not, strictly
     speaking, a target conditional, that is how it is currently being
     used.  Note that if a configuration were to define it one way for
     a host and a different way for the target, GDB will probably not
     compile, let alone run correctly.  This is currently used only for
     the unsupported i960 Nindy target, and should not be used in any
     other configuration.

`BELIEVE_PCC_PROMOTION'
     Define if the compiler promotes a short or char parameter to an
     int, but still reports the parameter as its original type, rather
     than the promoted type.

`BELIEVE_PCC_PROMOTION_TYPE'
     Define this if GDB should believe the type of a short argument when
     compiled by pcc, but look within a full int space to get its value.
     Only defined for Sun-3 at present.

`BITS_BIG_ENDIAN'
     Define this if the numbering of bits in the targets does *not*
     match the endianness of the target byte order.  A value of 1 means
     that the bits are numbered in a big-endian order, 0 means
     little-endian.

`BREAKPOINT'
     This is the character array initializer for the bit pattern to put
     into memory where a breakpoint is set.  Although it's common to
     use a trap instruction for a breakpoint, it's not required; for
     instance, the bit pattern could be an invalid instruction.  The
     breakpoint must be no longer than the shortest instruction of the
     architecture.

     BREAKPOINT has been deprecated in favour of BREAKPOINT_FROM_PC.

`BIG_BREAKPOINT'

`LITTLE_BREAKPOINT'
     Similar to BREAKPOINT, but used for bi-endian targets.

     BIG_BREAKPOINT and LITTLE_BREAKPOINT have been deprecated in
     favour of BREAKPOINT_FROM_PC.

`REMOTE_BREAKPOINT'

`LITTLE_REMOTE_BREAKPOINT'

`BIG_REMOTE_BREAKPOINT'
     Similar to BREAKPOINT, but used for remote targets.

     BIG_REMOTE_BREAKPOINT and LITTLE_REMOTE_BREAKPOINT have been
     deprecated in favour of BREAKPOINT_FROM_PC.

`BREAKPOINT_FROM_PC (pcptr, lenptr)'
     Use the program counter to determine the contents and size of a
     breakpoint instruction.  It returns a pointer to a string of bytes
     that encode a breakpoint instruction, stores the length of the
     string to *lenptr, and adjusts pc (if necessary) to point to the
     actual memory location where the breakpoint should be inserted.

     Although it is common to use a trap instruction for a breakpoint,
     it's not required; for instance, the bit pattern could be an
     invalid instruction.  The breakpoint must be no longer than the
     shortest instruction of the architecture.

     Replaces all the other BREAKPOINT macros.

`MEMORY_INSERT_BREAKPOINT (addr, contents_cache)'

`MEMORY_REMOVE_BREAKPOINT (addr, contents_cache)'
     Insert or remove memory based breakpoints.  Reasonable defaults
     (`default_memory_insert_breakpoint' and
     `default_memory_remove_breakpoint' respectively) have been
     provided so that it is not necessary to define these for most
     architectures.  Architectures which may want to define
     MEMORY_INSERT_BREAKPOINT and MEMORY_REMOVE_BREAKPOINT will likely
     have instructions that are oddly sized or are not stored in a
     conventional manner.

     It may also be desirable (from an efficiency standpoint) to define
     custom breakpoint insertion and removal routines if
     BREAKPOINT_FROM_PC needs to read the target's memory for some
     reason.

`CALL_DUMMY_P'
     A C expresson that is non-zero when the target suports inferior
     function calls.

`CALL_DUMMY_WORDS'
     Pointer to an array of LONGEST words of data containing
     host-byte-ordered REGISTER_BYTES sized values that partially
     specify the sequence of instructions needed for an inferior
     function call.

     Should be deprecated in favour of a macro that uses
     target-byte-ordered data.

`SIZEOF_CALL_DUMMY_WORDS'
     The size of CALL_DUMMY_WORDS.  When CALL_DUMMY_P this must return
     a positive value.  See also CALL_DUMMY_LENGTH.

`CALL_DUMMY'
     A static initializer for CALL_DUMMY_WORDS.  Deprecated.

`CALL_DUMMY_LOCATION'
     inferior.h

`CALL_DUMMY_STACK_ADJUST'
     Stack adjustment needed when performing an inferior function call.

     Should be deprecated in favor of something like STACK_ALIGN.

`CALL_DUMMY_STACK_ADJUST_P'
     Predicate for use of CALL_DUMMY_STACK_ADJUST.

     Should be deprecated in favor of something like STACK_ALIGN.

`CANNOT_FETCH_REGISTER (regno)'
     A C expression that should be nonzero if REGNO cannot be fetched
     from an inferior process.  This is only relevant if
     `FETCH_INFERIOR_REGISTERS' is not defined.

`CANNOT_STORE_REGISTER (regno)'
     A C expression that should be nonzero if REGNO should not be
     written to the target.  This is often the case for program
     counters, status words, and other special registers.  If this is
     not defined, GDB will assume that all registers may be written.

`DO_DEFERRED_STORES'

`CLEAR_DEFERRED_STORES'
     Define this to execute any deferred stores of registers into the
     inferior, and to cancel any deferred stores.

     Currently only implemented correctly for native Sparc
     configurations?

`COERCE_FLOAT_TO_DOUBLE (FORMAL, ACTUAL)'
     If we are calling a function by hand, and the function was declared
     (according to the debug info) without a prototype, should we
     automatically promote floats to doubles?  This macro must evaluate
     to non-zero if we should, or zero if we should leave the value
     alone.

     The argument ACTUAL is the type of the value we want to pass to
     the function.  The argument FORMAL is the type of this argument,
     as it appears in the function's definition.  Note that FORMAL may
     be zero if we have no debugging information for the function, or if
     we're passing more arguments than are officially declared (for
     example, varargs).  This macro is never invoked if the function
     definitely has a prototype.

     The default behavior is to promote only when we have no type
     information for the formal parameter.  This is different from the
     obvious behavior, which would be to promote whenever we have no
     prototype, just as the compiler does.  It's annoying, but some
     older targets rely on this.  If you want GDB to follow the typical
     compiler behavior -- to always promote when there is no prototype
     in scope -- your gdbarch init function can call
     `set_gdbarch_coerce_float_to_double' and select the
     `standard_coerce_float_to_double' function.

`CPLUS_MARKER'
     Define this to expand into the character that G++ uses to
     distinguish compiler-generated identifiers from
     programmer-specified identifiers.  By default, this expands into
     `'$''.  Most System V targets should define this to `'.''.

`DBX_PARM_SYMBOL_CLASS'
     Hook for the `SYMBOL_CLASS' of a parameter when decoding DBX symbol
     information.  In the i960, parameters can be stored as locals or as
     args, depending on the type of the debug record.

`DECR_PC_AFTER_BREAK'
     Define this to be the amount by which to decrement the PC after the
     program encounters a breakpoint.  This is often the number of
     bytes in BREAKPOINT, though not always.  For most targets this
     value will be 0.

`DECR_PC_AFTER_HW_BREAK'
     Similarly, for hardware breakpoints.

`DISABLE_UNSETTABLE_BREAK addr'
     If defined, this should evaluate to 1 if ADDR is in a shared
     library in which breakpoints cannot be set and so should be
     disabled.

`DO_REGISTERS_INFO'
     If defined, use this to print the value of a register or all
     registers.

`END_OF_TEXT_DEFAULT'
     This is an expression that should designate the end of the text
     section (? FIXME ?)

`EXTRACT_RETURN_VALUE(type,regbuf,valbuf)'
     Define this to extract a function's return value of type TYPE from
     the raw register state REGBUF and copy that, in virtual format,
     into VALBUF.

`EXTRACT_STRUCT_VALUE_ADDRESS(regbuf)'
     When EXTRACT_STRUCT_VALUE_ADDRESS_P this is used to to extract
     from an array REGBUF (containing the raw register state) the
     address in which a function should return its structure value, as a
     CORE_ADDR (or an expression that can be used as one).

`EXTRACT_STRUCT_VALUE_ADDRESS_P'
     Predicate for EXTRACT_STRUCT_VALUE_ADDRESS.

`FLOAT_INFO'
     If defined, then the `info float' command will print information
     about the processor's floating point unit.

`FP_REGNUM'
     If the virtual frame pointer is kept in a register, then define
     this macro to be the number (greater than or equal to zero) of
     that register.

     This should only need to be defined if `TARGET_READ_FP' and
     `TARGET_WRITE_FP' are not defined.

`FRAMELESS_FUNCTION_INVOCATION(fi)'
     Define this to an expression that returns 1 if the function
     invocation represented by FI does not have a stack frame
     associated with it.  Otherwise return 0.

`FRAME_ARGS_ADDRESS_CORRECT'
     stack.c

`FRAME_CHAIN(frame)'
     Given FRAME, return a pointer to the calling frame.

`FRAME_CHAIN_COMBINE(chain,frame)'
     Define this to take the frame chain pointer and the frame's nominal
     address and produce the nominal address of the caller's frame.
     Presently only defined for HP PA.

`FRAME_CHAIN_VALID(chain,thisframe)'
     Define this to be an expression that returns zero if the given
     frame is an outermost frame, with no caller, and nonzero
     otherwise.  Several common definitions are available.

     `file_frame_chain_valid' is nonzero if the chain pointer is nonzero
     and given frame's PC is not inside the startup file (such as
     `crt0.o').  `func_frame_chain_valid' is nonzero if the chain
     pointer is nonzero and the given frame's PC is not in `main()' or a
     known entry point function (such as `_start()').
     `generic_file_frame_chain_valid' and
     `generic_func_frame_chain_valid' are equivalent implementations for
     targets using generic dummy frames.

`FRAME_INIT_SAVED_REGS(frame)'
     See `frame.h'.  Determines the address of all registers in the
     current stack frame storing each in `frame->saved_regs'.  Space for
     `frame->saved_regs' shall be allocated by `FRAME_INIT_SAVED_REGS'
     using either `frame_saved_regs_zalloc' or `frame_obstack_alloc'.

     FRAME_FIND_SAVED_REGS and EXTRA_FRAME_INFO are deprecated.

`FRAME_NUM_ARGS (fi)'
     For the frame described by FI return the number of arguments that
     are being passed.  If the number of arguments is not known, return
     `-1'.

`FRAME_SAVED_PC(frame)'
     Given FRAME, return the pc saved there.  That is, the return
     address.

`FUNCTION_EPILOGUE_SIZE'
     For some COFF targets, the `x_sym.x_misc.x_fsize' field of the
     function end symbol is 0.  For such targets, you must define
     `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE_SIZE' to expand into the standard size of a
     function's epilogue.

`FUNCTION_START_OFFSET'
     An integer, giving the offset in bytes from a function's address
     (as used in the values of symbols, function pointers, etc.), and
     the function's first genuine instruction.

     This is zero on almost all machines: the function's address is
     usually the address of its first instruction.  However, on the
     VAX, for example, each function starts with two bytes containing a
     bitmask indicating which registers to save upon entry to the
     function.  The VAX `call' instructions check this value, and save
     the appropriate registers automatically.  Thus, since the offset
     from the function's address to its first instruction is two bytes,
     `FUNCTION_START_OFFSET' would be 2 on the VAX.

`GCC_COMPILED_FLAG_SYMBOL'

`GCC2_COMPILED_FLAG_SYMBOL'
     If defined, these are the names of the symbols that GDB will look
     for to detect that GCC compiled the file.  The default symbols are
     `gcc_compiled.' and `gcc2_compiled.', respectively. (Currently
     only defined for the Delta 68.)

`GDB_MULTI_ARCH'
     If defined and non-zero, enables suport for multiple architectures
     within GDB.

     The support can be enabled at two levels.  At level one, only
     definitions for previously undefined macros are provided; at level
     two, a multi-arch definition of all architecture dependant macros
     will be defined.

`GDB_TARGET_IS_HPPA'
     This determines whether horrible kludge code in dbxread.c and
     partial-stab.h is used to mangle multiple-symbol-table files from
     HPPA's.  This should all be ripped out, and a scheme like elfread.c
     used.

`GET_LONGJMP_TARGET'
     For most machines, this is a target-dependent parameter.  On the
     DECstation and the Iris, this is a native-dependent parameter,
     since <setjmp.h> is needed to define it.

     This macro determines the target PC address that longjmp() will
     jump to, assuming that we have just stopped at a longjmp
     breakpoint.  It takes a CORE_ADDR * as argument, and stores the
     target PC value through this pointer.  It examines the current
     state of the machine as needed.

`GET_SAVED_REGISTER'
     Define this if you need to supply your own definition for the
     function `get_saved_register'.

`HAVE_REGISTER_WINDOWS'
     Define this if the target has register windows.

`REGISTER_IN_WINDOW_P (regnum)'
     Define this to be an expression that is 1 if the given register is
     in the window.

`IBM6000_TARGET'
     Shows that we are configured for an IBM RS/6000 target.  This
     conditional should be eliminated (FIXME) and replaced by
     feature-specific macros.  It was introduced in haste and we are
     repenting at leisure.

`SYMBOLS_CAN_START_WITH_DOLLAR'
     Some systems have routines whose names start with `$'.  Giving this
     macro a non-zero value tells GDB's expression parser to check for
     such routines when parsing tokens that begin with `$'.

     On HP-UX, certain system routines (millicode) have names beginning
     with `$' or `$$'.  For example, `$$dyncall' is a millicode routine
     that handles inter-space procedure calls on PA-RISC.

`IEEE_FLOAT'
     Define this if the target system uses IEEE-format floating point
     numbers.

`INIT_EXTRA_FRAME_INFO (fromleaf, frame)'
     If additional information about the frame is required this should
     be stored in `frame->extra_info'.  Space for `frame->extra_info'
     is allocated using `frame_obstack_alloc'.

`INIT_FRAME_PC (fromleaf, prev)'
     This is a C statement that sets the pc of the frame pointed to by
     PREV.  [By default...]

`INNER_THAN (lhs,rhs)'
     Returns non-zero if stack address LHS is inner than (nearer to the
     stack top) stack address RHS. Define this as `lhs < rhs' if the
     target's stack grows downward in memory, or `lhs > rsh' if the
     stack grows upward.

`IN_SIGTRAMP (pc, name)'
     Define this to return true if the given PC and/or NAME indicates
     that the current function is a sigtramp.

`SIGTRAMP_START (pc)'

`SIGTRAMP_END (pc)'
     Define these to be the start and end address of the sigtramp for
     the given PC.  On machines where the address is just a compile time
     constant, the macro expansion will typically just ignore the
     supplied PC.

`IN_SOLIB_CALL_TRAMPOLINE pc name'
     Define this to evaluate to nonzero if the program is stopped in the
     trampoline that connects to a shared library.

`IN_SOLIB_RETURN_TRAMPOLINE pc name'
     Define this to evaluate to nonzero if the program is stopped in the
     trampoline that returns from a shared library.

`IN_SOLIB_DYNSYM_RESOLVE_CODE pc'
     Define this to evaluate to nonzero if the program is stopped in the
     dynamic linker.

`SKIP_SOLIB_RESOLVER pc'
     Define this to evaluate to the (nonzero) address at which execution
     should continue to get past the dynamic linker's symbol resolution
     function.  A zero value indicates that it is not important or
     necessary to set a breakpoint to get through the dynamic linker
     and that single stepping will suffice.

`IS_TRAPPED_INTERNALVAR (name)'
     This is an ugly hook to allow the specification of special actions
     that should occur as a side-effect of setting the value of a
     variable internal to GDB.  Currently only used by the h8500.  Note
     that this could be either a host or target conditional.

`NEED_TEXT_START_END'
     Define this if GDB should determine the start and end addresses of
     the text section.  (Seems dubious.)

`NO_HIF_SUPPORT'
     (Specific to the a29k.)

`REGISTER_CONVERTIBLE (REG)'
     Return non-zero if REG uses different raw and virtual formats.
     *Note Using Different Register and Memory Data Representations:
     Target Architecture Definition.

`REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (REG)'
     Return the raw size of REG.  *Note Using Different Register and
     Memory Data Representations: Target Architecture Definition.

`REGISTER_VIRTUAL_SIZE (REG)'
     Return the virtual size of REG.  *Note Using Different Register
     and Memory Data Representations: Target Architecture Definition.

`REGISTER_VIRTUAL_TYPE (REG)'
     Return the virtual type of REG.  *Note Using Different Register
     and Memory Data Representations: Target Architecture Definition.

`REGISTER_CONVERT_TO_VIRTUAL(REG, TYPE, FROM, TO)'
     Convert the value of register REG from its raw form to its virtual
     form.  *Note Using Different Register and Memory Data
     Representations: Target Architecture Definition.

`REGISTER_CONVERT_TO_RAW(TYPE, REG, FROM, TO)'
     Convert the value of register REG from its virtual form to its raw
     form.  *Note Using Different Register and Memory Data
     Representations: Target Architecture Definition.

`SOFTWARE_SINGLE_STEP_P'
     Define this as 1 if the target does not have a hardware single-step
     mechanism. The macro `SOFTWARE_SINGLE_STEP' must also be defined.

`SOFTWARE_SINGLE_STEP(signal,insert_breapoints_p)'
     A function that inserts or removes (dependant on
     INSERT_BREAPOINTS_P) breakpoints at each possible destinations of
     the next instruction. See `sparc-tdep.c' and `rs6000-tdep.c' for
     examples.

`SOFUN_ADDRESS_MAYBE_MISSING'
     Somebody clever observed that, the more actual addresses you have
     in the debug information, the more time the linker has to spend
     relocating them.  So whenever there's some other way the debugger
     could find the address it needs, you should omit it from the debug
     info, to make linking faster.

     `SOFUN_ADDRESS_MAYBE_MISSING' indicates that a particular set of
     hacks of this sort are in use, affecting `N_SO' and `N_FUN'
     entries in stabs-format debugging information.  `N_SO' stabs mark
     the beginning and ending addresses of compilation units in the text
     segment.  `N_FUN' stabs mark the starts and ends of functions.

     `SOFUN_ADDRESS_MAYBE_MISSING' means two things:
        * `N_FUN' stabs have an address of zero.  Instead, you should
          find the addresses where the function starts by taking the
          function name from the stab, and then looking that up in the
          minsyms (the linker/ assembler symbol table).  In other
          words, the stab has the name, and the linker / assembler
          symbol table is the only place that carries the address.

        * `N_SO' stabs have an address of zero, too.  You just look at
          the `N_FUN' stabs that appear before and after the `N_SO'
          stab, and guess the starting and ending addresses of the
          compilation unit from them.


`PCC_SOL_BROKEN'
     (Used only in the Convex target.)

`PC_IN_CALL_DUMMY'
     inferior.h

`PC_LOAD_SEGMENT'
     If defined, print information about the load segment for the
     program counter.  (Defined only for the RS/6000.)

`PC_REGNUM'
     If the program counter is kept in a register, then define this
     macro to be the number (greater than or equal to zero) of that
     register.

     This should only need to be defined if `TARGET_READ_PC' and
     `TARGET_WRITE_PC' are not defined.

`NPC_REGNUM'
     The number of the "next program counter" register, if defined.

`NNPC_REGNUM'
     The number of the "next next program counter" register, if defined.
     Currently, this is only defined for the Motorola 88K.

`PARM_BOUNDARY'
     If non-zero, round arguments to a boundary of this many bits before
     pushing them on the stack.

`PRINT_REGISTER_HOOK (regno)'
     If defined, this must be a function that prints the contents of the
     given register to standard output.

`PRINT_TYPELESS_INTEGER'
     This is an obscure substitute for `print_longest' that seems to
     have been defined for the Convex target.

`PROCESS_LINENUMBER_HOOK'
     A hook defined for XCOFF reading.

`PROLOGUE_FIRSTLINE_OVERLAP'
     (Only used in unsupported Convex configuration.)

`PS_REGNUM'
     If defined, this is the number of the processor status register.
     (This definition is only used in generic code when parsing "$ps".)

`POP_FRAME'
     Used in `call_function_by_hand' to remove an artificial stack
     frame.

`PUSH_ARGUMENTS (nargs, args, sp, struct_return, struct_addr)'
     Define this to push arguments onto the stack for inferior function
     call. Return the updated stack pointer value.

`PUSH_DUMMY_FRAME'
     Used in `call_function_by_hand' to create an artificial stack
     frame.

`REGISTER_BYTES'
     The total amount of space needed to store GDB's copy of the
     machine's register state.

`REGISTER_NAME(i)'
     Return the name of register I as a string.  May return NULL or NUL
     to indicate that register I is not valid.

`REGISTER_NAMES'
     Deprecated in favor of REGISTER_NAME.

`REG_STRUCT_HAS_ADDR (gcc_p, type)'
     Define this to return 1 if the given type will be passed by pointer
     rather than directly.

`SAVE_DUMMY_FRAME_TOS (sp)'
     Used in `call_function_by_hand' to notify the target dependent code
     of the top-of-stack value that will be passed to the the inferior
     code.  This is the value of the SP after both the dummy frame and
     space for parameters/results have been allocated on the stack.

`SDB_REG_TO_REGNUM'
     Define this to convert sdb register numbers into GDB regnums.  If
     not defined, no conversion will be done.

`SHIFT_INST_REGS'
     (Only used for m88k targets.)

`SKIP_PERMANENT_BREAKPOINT'
     Advance the inferior's PC past a permanent breakpoint.  GDB
     normally steps over a breakpoint by removing it, stepping one
     instruction, and re-inserting the breakpoint.  However, permanent
     breakpoints are hardwired into the inferior, and can't be removed,
     so this strategy doesn't work.  Calling SKIP_PERMANENT_BREAKPOINT
     adjusts the processor's state so that execution will resume just
     after the breakpoint.  This macro does the right thing even when
     the breakpoint is in the delay slot of a branch or jump.

`SKIP_PROLOGUE (pc)'
     A C expression that returns the address of the "real" code beyond
     the function entry prologue found at PC.

`SKIP_PROLOGUE_FRAMELESS_P'
     A C expression that should behave similarly, but that can stop as
     soon as the function is known to have a frame.  If not defined,
     `SKIP_PROLOGUE' will be used instead.

`SKIP_TRAMPOLINE_CODE (pc)'
     If the target machine has trampoline code that sits between
     callers and the functions being called, then define this macro to
     return a new PC that is at the start of the real function.

`SP_REGNUM'
     If the stack-pointer is kept in a register, then define this macro
     to be the number (greater than or equal to zero) of that register.

     This should only need to be defined if `TARGET_WRITE_SP' and
     `TARGET_WRITE_SP' are not defined.

`STAB_REG_TO_REGNUM'
     Define this to convert stab register numbers (as gotten from `r'
     declarations) into GDB regnums.  If not defined, no conversion
     will be done.

`STACK_ALIGN (addr)'
     Define this to adjust the address to the alignment required for the
     processor's stack.

`STEP_SKIPS_DELAY (addr)'
     Define this to return true if the address is of an instruction
     with a delay slot.  If a breakpoint has been placed in the
     instruction's delay slot, GDB will single-step over that
     instruction before resuming normally.  Currently only defined for
     the Mips.

`STORE_RETURN_VALUE (type, valbuf)'
     A C expression that stores a function return value of type TYPE,
     where VALBUF is the address of the value to be stored.

`SUN_FIXED_LBRAC_BUG'
     (Used only for Sun-3 and Sun-4 targets.)

`SYMBOL_RELOADING_DEFAULT'
     The default value of the `symbol-reloading' variable.  (Never
     defined in current sources.)

`TARGET_BYTE_ORDER_DEFAULT'
     The ordering of bytes in the target.  This must be either
     `BIG_ENDIAN' or `LITTLE_ENDIAN'.  This macro replaces
     TARGET_BYTE_ORDER which is deprecated.

`TARGET_BYTE_ORDER_SELECTABLE_P'
     Non-zero if the target has both `BIG_ENDIAN' and `LITTLE_ENDIAN'
     variants.  This macro replaces TARGET_BYTE_ORDER_SELECTABLE which
     is deprecated.

`TARGET_CHAR_BIT'
     Number of bits in a char; defaults to 8.

`TARGET_COMPLEX_BIT'
     Number of bits in a complex number; defaults to `2 *
     TARGET_FLOAT_BIT'.

     At present this macro is not used.

`TARGET_DOUBLE_BIT'
     Number of bits in a double float; defaults to `8 *
     TARGET_CHAR_BIT'.

`TARGET_DOUBLE_COMPLEX_BIT'
     Number of bits in a double complex; defaults to `2 *
     TARGET_DOUBLE_BIT'.

     At present this macro is not used.

`TARGET_FLOAT_BIT'
     Number of bits in a float; defaults to `4 * TARGET_CHAR_BIT'.

`TARGET_INT_BIT'
     Number of bits in an integer; defaults to `4 * TARGET_CHAR_BIT'.

`TARGET_LONG_BIT'
     Number of bits in a long integer; defaults to `4 *
     TARGET_CHAR_BIT'.

`TARGET_LONG_DOUBLE_BIT'
     Number of bits in a long double float; defaults to `2 *
     TARGET_DOUBLE_BIT'.

`TARGET_LONG_LONG_BIT'
     Number of bits in a long long integer; defaults to `2 *
     TARGET_LONG_BIT'.

`TARGET_PTR_BIT'
     Number of bits in a pointer; defaults to `TARGET_INT_BIT'.

`TARGET_SHORT_BIT'
     Number of bits in a short integer; defaults to `2 *
     TARGET_CHAR_BIT'.

`TARGET_READ_PC'

`TARGET_WRITE_PC (val, pid)'

`TARGET_READ_SP'

`TARGET_WRITE_SP'

`TARGET_READ_FP'

`TARGET_WRITE_FP'
     These change the behavior of `read_pc', `write_pc', `read_sp',
     `write_sp', `read_fp' and `write_fp'.  For most targets, these may
     be left undefined.  GDB will call the read and write register
     functions with the relevant `_REGNUM' argument.

     These macros are useful when a target keeps one of these registers
     in a hard to get at place; for example, part in a segment register
     and part in an ordinary register.

`TARGET_VIRTUAL_FRAME_POINTER(pc,regp,offsetp)'
     Returns a `(register, offset)' pair representing the virtual frame
     pointer in use at the code address `"pc"'.  If virtual frame
     pointers are not used, a default definition simply returns
     `FP_REGNUM', with an offset of zero.

`USE_STRUCT_CONVENTION (gcc_p, type)'
     If defined, this must be an expression that is nonzero if a value
     of the given TYPE being returned from a function must have space
     allocated for it on the stack.  GCC_P is true if the function
     being considered is known to have been compiled by GCC; this is
     helpful for systems where GCC is known to use different calling
     convention than other compilers.

`VARIABLES_INSIDE_BLOCK (desc, gcc_p)'
     For dbx-style debugging information, if the compiler puts variable
     declarations inside LBRAC/RBRAC blocks, this should be defined to
     be nonzero.  DESC is the value of `n_desc' from the `N_RBRAC'
     symbol, and GCC_P is true if GDB has noticed the presence of
     either the `GCC_COMPILED_SYMBOL' or the `GCC2_COMPILED_SYMBOL'.
     By default, this is 0.

`OS9K_VARIABLES_INSIDE_BLOCK (desc, gcc_p)'
     Similarly, for OS/9000.  Defaults to 1.

   Motorola M68K target conditionals.

`BPT_VECTOR'
     Define this to be the 4-bit location of the breakpoint trap
     vector.  If not defined, it will default to `0xf'.

`REMOTE_BPT_VECTOR'
     Defaults to `1'.

Adding a New Target
===================

   The following files define a target to GDB:

`gdb/config/ARCH/TTT.mt'
     Contains a Makefile fragment specific to this target.  Specifies
     what object files are needed for target TTT, by defining
     `TDEPFILES=...' and `TDEPLIBS=...'.  Also specifies the header
     file which describes TTT, by defining `TM_FILE= tm-TTT.h'.

     You can also define `TM_CFLAGS', `TM_CLIBS', `TM_CDEPS', but these
     are now deprecated, replaced by autoconf, and may go away in
     future versions of GDB.

`gdb/config/ARCH/tm-TTT.h'
     (`tm.h' is a link to this file, created by configure).  Contains
     macro definitions about the target machine's registers, stack frame
     format and instructions.

`gdb/TTT-tdep.c'
     Contains any miscellaneous code required for this target machine.
     On some machines it doesn't exist at all.  Sometimes the macros in
     `tm-TTT.h' become very complicated, so they are implemented as
     functions here instead, and the macro is simply defined to call the
     function.  This is vastly preferable, since it is easier to
     understand and debug.

`gdb/config/ARCH/tm-ARCH.h'
     This often exists to describe the basic layout of the target
     machine's processor chip (registers, stack, etc).  If used, it is
     included by `tm-TTT.h'.  It can be shared among many targets that
     use the same processor.

`gdb/ARCH-tdep.c'
     Similarly, there are often common subroutines that are shared by
     all target machines that use this particular architecture.

   If you are adding a new operating system for an existing CPU chip,
add a `config/tm-OS.h' file that describes the operating system
facilities that are unusual (extra symbol table info; the breakpoint
instruction needed; etc).  Then write a `ARCH/tm-OS.h' that just
`#include's `tm-ARCH.h' and `config/tm-OS.h'.


File: gdbint.info,  Node: Target Vector Definition,  Next: Native Debugging,  Prev: Target Architecture Definition,  Up: Top

Target Vector Definition
************************

   The target vector defines the interface between GDB's abstract
handling of target systems, and the nitty-gritty code that actually
exercises control over a process or a serial port.  GDB includes some
30-40 different target vectors; however, each configuration of GDB
includes only a few of them.

File Targets
============

   Both executables and core files have target vectors.

Standard Protocol and Remote Stubs
==================================

   GDB's file `remote.c' talks a serial protocol to code that runs in
the target system.  GDB provides several sample "stubs" that can be
integrated into target programs or operating systems for this purpose;
they are named `*-stub.c'.

   The GDB user's manual describes how to put such a stub into your
target code.  What follows is a discussion of integrating the SPARC
stub into a complicated operating system (rather than a simple
program), by Stu Grossman, the author of this stub.

   The trap handling code in the stub assumes the following upon entry
to trap_low:

  1. %l1 and %l2 contain pc and npc respectively at the time of the trap

  2. traps are disabled

  3. you are in the correct trap window


   As long as your trap handler can guarantee those conditions, then
there is no reason why you shouldn't be able to `share' traps with the
stub.  The stub has no requirement that it be jumped to directly from
the hardware trap vector.  That is why it calls `exceptionHandler()',
which is provided by the external environment.  For instance, this could
setup the hardware traps to actually execute code which calls the stub
first, and then transfers to its own trap handler.

   For the most point, there probably won't be much of an issue with
`sharing' traps, as the traps we use are usually not used by the kernel,
and often indicate unrecoverable error conditions.  Anyway, this is all
controlled by a table, and is trivial to modify.  The most important
trap for us is for `ta 1'.  Without that, we can't single step or do
breakpoints.  Everything else is unnecessary for the proper operation
of the debugger/stub.

   From reading the stub, it's probably not obvious how breakpoints
work.  They are simply done by deposit/examine operations from GDB.

ROM Monitor Interface
=====================

Custom Protocols
================

Transport Layer
===============

Builtin Simulator
=================


File: gdbint.info,  Node: Native Debugging,  Next: Support Libraries,  Prev: Target Vector Definition,  Up: Top

Native Debugging
****************

   Several files control GDB's configuration for native support:

`gdb/config/ARCH/XYZ.mh'
     Specifies Makefile fragments needed when hosting _or native_ on
     machine XYZ.  In particular, this lists the required
     native-dependent object files, by defining `NATDEPFILES=...'.
     Also specifies the header file which describes native support on
     XYZ, by defining `NAT_FILE= nm-XYZ.h'.  You can also define
     `NAT_CFLAGS', `NAT_ADD_FILES', `NAT_CLIBS', `NAT_CDEPS', etc.; see
     `Makefile.in'.

`gdb/config/ARCH/nm-XYZ.h'
     (`nm.h' is a link to this file, created by configure).  Contains C
     macro definitions describing the native system environment, such as
     child process control and core file support.

`gdb/XYZ-nat.c'
     Contains any miscellaneous C code required for this native support
     of this machine.  On some machines it doesn't exist at all.

   There are some "generic" versions of routines that can be used by
various systems.  These can be customized in various ways by macros
defined in your `nm-XYZ.h' file.  If these routines work for the XYZ
host, you can just include the generic file's name (with `.o', not
`.c') in `NATDEPFILES'.

   Otherwise, if your machine needs custom support routines, you will
need to write routines that perform the same functions as the generic
file.  Put them into `XYZ-nat.c', and put `XYZ-nat.o' into
`NATDEPFILES'.

`inftarg.c'
     This contains the _target_ops vector_ that supports Unix child
     processes on systems which use ptrace and wait to control the
     child.

`procfs.c'
     This contains the _target_ops vector_ that supports Unix child
     processes on systems which use /proc to control the child.

`fork-child.c'
     This does the low-level grunge that uses Unix system calls to do a
     "fork and exec" to start up a child process.

`infptrace.c'
     This is the low level interface to inferior processes for systems
     using the Unix `ptrace' call in a vanilla way.

Native core file Support
========================

`core-aout.c::fetch_core_registers()'
     Support for reading registers out of a core file.  This routine
     calls `register_addr()', see below.  Now that BFD is used to read
     core files, virtually all machines should use `core-aout.c', and
     should just provide `fetch_core_registers' in `XYZ-nat.c' (or
     `REGISTER_U_ADDR' in `nm-XYZ.h').

`core-aout.c::register_addr()'
     If your `nm-XYZ.h' file defines the macro `REGISTER_U_ADDR(addr,
     blockend, regno)', it should be defined to set `addr' to the
     offset within the `user' struct of GDB register number `regno'.
     `blockend' is the offset within the "upage" of `u.u_ar0'.  If
     `REGISTER_U_ADDR' is defined, `core-aout.c' will define the
     `register_addr()' function and use the macro in it.  If you do not
     define `REGISTER_U_ADDR', but you are using the standard
     `fetch_core_registers()', you will need to define your own version
     of `register_addr()', put it into your `XYZ-nat.c' file, and be
     sure `XYZ-nat.o' is in the `NATDEPFILES' list.  If you have your
     own `fetch_core_registers()', you may not need a separate
     `register_addr()'.  Many custom `fetch_core_registers()'
     implementations simply locate the registers themselves.

   When making GDB run native on a new operating system, to make it
possible to debug core files, you will need to either write specific
code for parsing your OS's core files, or customize `bfd/trad-core.c'.
First, use whatever `#include' files your machine uses to define the
struct of registers that is accessible (possibly in the u-area) in a
core file (rather than `machine/reg.h'), and an include file that
defines whatever header exists on a core file (e.g. the u-area or a
`struct core').  Then modify `trad_unix_core_file_p()' to use these
values to set up the section information for the data segment, stack
segment, any other segments in the core file (perhaps shared library
contents or control information), "registers" segment, and if there are
two discontiguous sets of registers (e.g.  integer and float), the
"reg2" segment.  This section information basically delimits areas in
the core file in a standard way, which the section-reading routines in
BFD know how to seek around in.

   Then back in GDB, you need a matching routine called
`fetch_core_registers()'.  If you can use the generic one, it's in
`core-aout.c'; if not, it's in your `XYZ-nat.c' file.  It will be
passed a char pointer to the entire "registers" segment, its length,
and a zero; or a char pointer to the entire "regs2" segment, its
length, and a 2.  The routine should suck out the supplied register
values and install them into GDB's "registers" array.

   If your system uses `/proc' to control processes, and uses ELF
format core files, then you may be able to use the same routines for
reading the registers out of processes and out of core files.

ptrace
======

/proc
=====

win32
=====

shared libraries
================

Native Conditionals
===================

   When GDB is configured and compiled, various macros are defined or
left undefined, to control compilation when the host and target systems
are the same.  These macros should be defined (or left undefined) in
`nm-SYSTEM.h'.

`ATTACH_DETACH'
     If defined, then GDB will include support for the `attach' and
     `detach' commands.

`CHILD_PREPARE_TO_STORE'
     If the machine stores all registers at once in the child process,
     then define this to ensure that all values are correct.  This
     usually entails a read from the child.

     [Note that this is incorrectly defined in `xm-SYSTEM.h' files
     currently.]

`FETCH_INFERIOR_REGISTERS'
     Define this if the native-dependent code will provide its own
     routines `fetch_inferior_registers' and `store_inferior_registers'
     in `HOST-nat.c'.  If this symbol is _not_ defined, and
     `infptrace.c' is included in this configuration, the default
     routines in `infptrace.c' are used for these functions.

`FILES_INFO_HOOK'
     (Only defined for Convex.)

`FP0_REGNUM'
     This macro is normally defined to be the number of the first
     floating point register, if the machine has such registers.  As
     such, it would appear only in target-specific code.  However,
     /proc support uses this to decide whether floats are in use on
     this target.

`GET_LONGJMP_TARGET'
     For most machines, this is a target-dependent parameter.  On the
     DECstation and the Iris, this is a native-dependent parameter,
     since <setjmp.h> is needed to define it.

     This macro determines the target PC address that longjmp() will
     jump to, assuming that we have just stopped at a longjmp
     breakpoint.  It takes a CORE_ADDR * as argument, and stores the
     target PC value through this pointer.  It examines the current
     state of the machine as needed.

`KERNEL_U_ADDR'
     Define this to the address of the `u' structure (the "user
     struct", also known as the "u-page") in kernel virtual memory.  GDB
     needs to know this so that it can subtract this address from
     absolute addresses in the upage, that are obtained via ptrace or
     from core files.  On systems that don't need this value, set it to
     zero.

`KERNEL_U_ADDR_BSD'
     Define this to cause GDB to determine the address of `u' at
     runtime, by using Berkeley-style `nlist' on the kernel's image in
     the root directory.

`KERNEL_U_ADDR_HPUX'
     Define this to cause GDB to determine the address of `u' at
     runtime, by using HP-style `nlist' on the kernel's image in the
     root directory.

`ONE_PROCESS_WRITETEXT'
     Define this to be able to, when a breakpoint insertion fails, warn
     the user that another process may be running with the same
     executable.

`PREPARE_TO_PROCEED SELECT_IT'
     This (ugly) macro allows a native configuration to customize the
     way the `proceed' function in `infrun.c' deals with switching
     between threads.

     In a multi-threaded task we may select another thread and then
     continue or step.  But if the old thread was stopped at a
     breakpoint, it will immediately cause another breakpoint stop
     without any execution (i.e. it will report a breakpoint hit
     incorrectly).  So GDB must step over it first.

     If defined, `PREPARE_TO_PROCEED' should check the current thread
     against the thread that reported the most recent event.  If a
     step-over is required, it returns TRUE.  If SELECT_IT is non-zero,
     it should reselect the old thread.

`PROC_NAME_FMT'
     Defines the format for the name of a `/proc' device.  Should be
     defined in `nm.h' _only_ in order to override the default
     definition in `procfs.c'.

`PTRACE_FP_BUG'
     mach386-xdep.c

`PTRACE_ARG3_TYPE'
     The type of the third argument to the `ptrace' system call, if it
     exists and is different from `int'.

`REGISTER_U_ADDR'
     Defines the offset of the registers in the "u area".

`SHELL_COMMAND_CONCAT'
     If defined, is a string to prefix on the shell command used to
     start the inferior.

`SHELL_FILE'
     If defined, this is the name of the shell to use to run the
     inferior.  Defaults to `"/bin/sh"'.

`SOLIB_ADD (filename, from_tty, targ)'
     Define this to expand into an expression that will cause the
     symbols in FILENAME to be added to GDB's symbol table.

`SOLIB_CREATE_INFERIOR_HOOK'
     Define this to expand into any shared-library-relocation code that
     you want to be run just after the child process has been forked.

`START_INFERIOR_TRAPS_EXPECTED'
     When starting an inferior, GDB normally expects to trap twice;
     once when the shell execs, and once when the program itself execs.
     If the actual number of traps is something other than 2, then
     define this macro to expand into the number expected.

`SVR4_SHARED_LIBS'
     Define this to indicate that SVR4-style shared libraries are in
     use.

`USE_PROC_FS'
     This determines whether small routines in `*-tdep.c', which
     translate register values between GDB's internal representation
     and the /proc representation, are compiled.

`U_REGS_OFFSET'
     This is the offset of the registers in the upage.  It need only be
     defined if the generic ptrace register access routines in
     `infptrace.c' are being used (that is, `infptrace.c' is configured
     in, and `FETCH_INFERIOR_REGISTERS' is not defined).  If the
     default value from `infptrace.c' is good enough, leave it
     undefined.

     The default value means that u.u_ar0 _points to_ the location of
     the registers.  I'm guessing that `#define U_REGS_OFFSET 0' means
     that u.u_ar0 _is_ the location of the registers.

`CLEAR_SOLIB'
     objfiles.c

`DEBUG_PTRACE'
     Define this to debug ptrace calls.

