The IDs for chapters other than TE are included here: 1 About These Guidelines (TEI P1 1) 1.1 Texts and Their Electronic Representation 1.2 Intended Applications 1.3 Origin and Development 1.4 Design Principles 1.5 Structure of This Document 1.6 Status of This Draft 1.7 Future Development of the Guidelines ]]> 2 Concise Summary of SGML ]]> 3 Structure of the TEI Document Type Declarations (P1 1) 3.1 Main and Auxiliary DTDs (id=STma) 3.2 Base Tag Sets and Additional Tag Sets (id=STba) 3.3 Global Attributes (id=STga) 3.4 Element Classes and Other Parameter Entities (id=STec) 3.5 Invocation of TEI DTDs (id=STin) 3.6 Combining TEI DTD Fragments (id=STco) ]]> 4 Characters and Character Sets (P1 3) 4.1 Local Character Sets 4.2 Shifting among Character Sets 4.3 Character Set Problems and Interchange 4.4 Writing System Declaration ]]> 5 The TEI Header (P1 4) 5.1 Organization of the TEI Header 5.1.1 The TeiHeader and Its Components 5.1.2 Types of Content in the TEI Header 5.2 The File Description 5.2.1 The Title Statement 5.2.2 The Edition Statement 5.2.3 Type and Extent of File 5.2.4 Publication, Distribution, etc. 5.2.5 The Series Statement 5.2.6 The Notes Statement 5.2.7 The Source Description 5.2.8 Computer Files Derived from Other Computer Files 5.2.9 Computer Files Composed of Transcribed Speech 5.3 The Encoding Description 5.3.1 The Project Description 5.3.2 The Sampling Declaration 5.3.3 The Editorial Practices Declaration 5.3.4 The Reference System Declaration 5.3.4.1 Prose method 5.3.4.2 Stepwise method 5.3.4.3 Milestone method 5.3.5 The Classification Declaration 5.4 The Profile Description 5.4.1 Creation 5.4.2 Language Usage 5.4.3 The Text Classification 5.5 The Revision Description 5.6 Minimal and Recommended Headers 5.7 Note for Library Cataloguers ]]> 6 Tags Available in All TEI DTDs 6.1 Paragraphs (P1 5.3.1) 6.2 Ambiguous Punctuation 6.3 Highlighting and Quotation Marks (P1 5.3.2, 5.3.4) 6.3.1 Highlighting and Related Features 6.3.2 Material in Quotation Marks (P1 5.3.3) 6.3.3 Terms, Cited Words, and Glosses (P1 5.3.5) 6.4 Names, Numbers, Dates, and Abbreviations (P1 5.3.6) 6.5 Simple Editorial Changes 6.4.1 Names (P1 5.3.6) 6.4.2 Numbers (P1 5.3.11) 6.4.3 Dates (P1 5.3.11) 6.4.4 Abbreviations (P1 5.3.7) 6.6 Simple Cross References (TR3) 6.7 Lists (P1 5.3.8) 6.8 Notes (P1 5.3.9) 6.9 Reference Systems (P1 5.6) 6.10 Bibliographic Citations (P1 5.5) 6.11 Segmentation ]]> 7 Base Tag Set for Prose 7.1 Divisions of the Body 7.1.1 Un-numbered Divisions 7.1.2 Numbered Divisions 7.1.3 Numbered or Un-numbered? 7.2 Contents of Prose Divisions 7.3 Front Matter 7.4 Title Pages 7.5 Back Matter 7.6 Specifying the Prose Base 7.7 Overall Structure of the Prose DTD ]]> 8 Base Tag Set for Verse (TR10) ]]> 9 Base Tag Set for Drama (TR 11) ]]> 10 Base Tag Set for Transcriptions of Spoken Texts (AI2) 10.4.1 Segments ]]> 11 Base Tag Set for Letters and Memos (?) ]]> 12 Base Tag Set for Printed Dictionaries (AI5) ]]> 13 Base Tag Set for Terminological Data (AI7) ]]> 14 Base Tag Set for Language Corpora and Collections (TR6) ]]> 15 User-defined Base Tag Sets (AI4) ]]> 16. 16 Segmentation and Alignment 16.1 Pointers and links 16.2 External pointers and references 16.2.1 TEI extended pointer syntax specification 16.2.2 Using Extended pointers 16.3 Correspondence and Alignment 16.3.1 A detailed example 16.3.2 Alignment using external pointers 16.3.3 Further example 16.4 Aggregation and Virtual Elements 16.4.1 Extended example ]]> 17 Simple Analytic Mechanisms ]]> 18 Feature Structure Analysis ]]> 19 Certainty ]]> 20 Manuscripts, Analytic Bibliography, and Physical Description ]]> 21 Critical Editions (TR2) ]]> 22 Additional Tags for Names and Dates ]]> 23 Graphs, Digraphs, and Trees ]]> 24 Graphics, Figures, and Illustrations ]]> 25 Formulae and Tables (TR4) ]]> 26 Additional Tags for TEI Header ]]> 27 Structured Header ]]> 28 Writing System Declaration ]]> 29 Feature System Declaration ]]> 30 Tag Set Documentation ]]> 31 TEI Conformance ]]> 32 Modifying TEI DTDs ]]> 33 Local Installation and Support of TEI Markup ]]> 34 Use of TEI Encoding Scheme in Interchange ]]> 35 Relationship of TEI to Other Standards ]]> 36 Markup for Non-Hierarchical Phenomena ]]> 37 Algorithm for Recognizing Canonical References ]]> 38 Full TEI Document Type Declarations ]]> 39 Standard Writing System Declarations ]]> 40 Feature System Declaration for Basic Grammatical Annotation ]]> 41 Sample Tag Set Declaration ]]> 42 Formal Grammar for the TEI-Interchange Format Subset of SGML 42.1 Notation 42.2 Grammar for SGML Document (Overview) 42.3 Grammar for SGML Declaration 42.4 Grammar for DTD 42.5 Grammar for Document Instance 42.6 Common Syntactic Constructs 42.7 Lexical Scanner 42.8 Differences from ISO 8879 ]]> Dummy Div2 Dummy Div3 Dummy Div4 Base Tag Set for Terminological Data

Terminological information generally resides in terminology databases (TDBs), but for SGML applications, these collections of data can be viewed as documents. A document containing terminological data is made up of terminological entries. Typically, a terminological entry treats a single concept and contains information on the assignment of single or multi-word terms to this concept. Bilingual and multilingual terminological entries deal with harmonized or very closely related concepts in two or more languages that are treated as functional equivalents in the context of a specific domain or subdomain. Terminological data are usually made up of sets of terminological entries, which can take the form of terminological databases (TDBs) or can be used to print hardcopy terminological documents, such as terminological dictionaries, technical vocabularies, or thesauri. The primary responsibility for this chapter was borne by TEI work group AI7 (terminological data). The text was originally drafted by Alan K. Melby (chair), Sue Ellen Wright, Gerhard Budin, and Gregory Shreve; the DTD fragments were drafted by Gregory Shreve. Further revisions were made by the above and by Richard Strehlow.

The TEI description of terminological data was originally designed primarily as a terminology interchange format (TIF) to allow users of terminology databases to exchange database records. In this guise it is called the Electronic Terminology Interchange Format (E-TIF). The exchange of database records is especially important in practice because the structure of terminological records varies considerably from TDB to TDB, reflecting differences of design and of user needs. Users of TDBs frequently need to interchange data in order to access expert information and to prevent the duplication of effort, but differences in software, hardware, and methodology complicate interchange. A universal interchange format is a crucial element in making interchange easier.

The tag set defined in this chapter may also be used to mark up documents for the purpose of printing terminological dictionaries and vocabularies, or exchanging them in electronic form. Printed terminological documents differ from terminological databases in that they are frequently divided into sections and subsections and include prose text in introductions, etc. When used for marking up printed documentation, we can speak of the tag set defined here as a Print Terminology Interchange Format (P-TIF).

Because printed terminological dictionaries differ from terminological databases, problems may arise if one attempts to use the same electronic document both for printing and to exchange records among databases. A printed terminological dictionary may contain material not suitably encoded for introduction into database records. Domain and subdomain information may be implied by the arrangement of termEntrys rather than by explicit domain specifications within the individual entries.

Other interchange difficulties include differences between term entry styles used in prescriptive and descriptive terminology work and problems arising from differences in the degree of detail used to classify data elements in different databases. (The term data element is used by terminologists to refer to the smallest defined individual items of information, regardless of whether they are represented as SGML elements, SGML attributes, or fields or columns in a database. That is the usage followed here.) Procedures for addressing these various problems are treated in more detail in another document, the (1992).This as yet unpublished document is available at the time of writing from Infoterm, z.Hd. Herrn Dr. Gerhard Budin, Heinestraße 38, Postfach No. 130, A-1021 Vienna, Austria. The Terminological Entry

The basic unit of terminology management is the terminological entry. A terminological entry documents information pertaining to a concept and generally speaking contains at least one term. In addition to the term, various kinds of descriptive and administrative data are recorded concerning the term, the concept to which it is assigned, and relationships to other terms and concepts. Administrative information supports the management of the terminology database or document. Example 1: Sample terminological entrysubject field appearance of materials English term opacity grammatical information, part of speech, English term noun definition, English term degree of obstruction to the transmission of visible light bibliographical source, English term information ASTM Standard E284 responsibility for English term information Technical Committee E12 German term Opazität grammatical information, part of speech, German term noun grammatical information, gender, German term feminine definition, German term Maß für die Lichtdurchsichtigkeit bibliographical source, German term information HFdn1983-382 responsibility, German term information DIN Technical Committee for paper products French term opacité grammatical information, part of speech, French term noun grammatical information, gender, French term feminine definition, French term rapport du flux lumineux incident au flux lumineux transmis ou réfléchi par un noircissement photographique bibliographical source, French term information HJdi1986 responsibility, French term information C.I.R.A.D. Tags for Terminological Data

The following sections define elements for use in tagging terminological data. The elements and attributes listed are based on empirical studies. The studies indicated the use of a wide variety of different data element types (data categories or database field types), but this variety can be reduced to a relatively small set of SGML elements and attributes expressing notions common to most, if not all, TDBs. Those elements and attributes are defined here. In addition, the global TEI attributes defined in chapter , and the elements and attributes defined in chapter , can all be used in terminological applications.

When tagging terminological data, three elements constitute the set of non-floating elements: term, otherForm, and descrip. All other elements function as floating elements, including: admin, note, gram, bibl, bibl.full, date, table, formula, figure, and the linking elements (ptr, xptr, ref, and xref). The rules for combining floating with non-floating elements are spelled out below in section , and in section . term contains a single-word, multi-word or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term. Attributes include: type classifies the term using some typology. termEntry contains a single complete entry for one concept expressed in one language and comprising one or more terms and their associated descriptive and administrative data, or, in bilingual and multilingual terminology work, two or more very closely related concepts comprising one or more terms in each language and their associated descriptive and administrative data. Attributes include: type classifies the term entry using some typology, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in ISO WD 12 620. tig within a termEntry element, contains information elements associated with a single term. Attributes include: type classifies the tig using some typology, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in ISO WD 12 620. otherForm within a term information group (tig), contains an alternate designation, such as a synonym, for the concept treated by the term entry. Attributes include: type classifies the otherForm using some typology, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in ISO WD 12 620. ofig within a tig element, contains information elements relating to a single otherForm. Attributes include: type classifies the other-form information group according to some convenient typology, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in ISO WD 12 620. gram within a termEntry element, contains grammatical information relating to a term or to an otherForm. Attributes include: type classifies the grammatical information given according to some convenient typology, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in ISO WD 12 620. Sample values include: pos part of speech (any of the word classes to which a words may be assigned in a given language, based on form, meaning, or a combination of features, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, etc.) gen gender (formal classification by which nouns and pronouns, and often accompanying modifiers, are grouped and inflected, or changed in form, so as to control certain syntactic relationships) num number (e.g. singular, plural, dual, ...) animate animate or inanimate proper proper noun or common noun descrip within a termEntry element, contains a definition, context or explanation used to explain or define the concept represented by a term or an other form. Attributes include: type classifies the description using some convenient typology, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in ISO WD 12 620. Sample values include: definition The description provides all the information needed to differentiate one concept from all other related concepts in the given domain. admin within a termEntry element, contains administrative information pertaining to data management and documentation of the entry. Attributes include: type identifies the administrative event or information using some typology, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in ISO WD 12 620. Sample values include: responsibility The admin element identifies the agency or individual responsible for the data element or entry. created The admin element describes the creation of the data element or entry. updated The admin element describes the update or modification of the data element or entry. approved The admin element describes the final approval of the data element or entry. domain The element indicates the subject area to which a concept pertains. subdomain The element indicates the subdomain of the subject area to which the concept pertains.

As indicated, these elements all possess a type attribute, used to classify the generic elements so as to match the classifications used by TDBs. The type attributes allow specific items of information not defined in the DTD to be tagged as one of the defined elements with an appropriate type value. The possible values of type thus constitute a sizable open list.

At the time of publication, work is under way in ISO Technical Committee 37, Sub-Committee 3, Working Group 1 to compile an official dictionary of data element types (data categories) for use in terminology work, which will eventually provide the core for a complete list of type attribute values. This data element dictionary will appear as ISO 12 620. The attribute values that occur in the examples shown in this chapter represent a subset of those that will be defined in ISO 12 620.

When the base tag set described in this chapter is used, the group and depend attributes are added to the set of global attributes: group indicates the group (term and related elements) to which this element should be associated. depend indicates the parent element to which this element should be associated. For fuller discussion of the usage of these attributes, see below, section .

Among the TEI core elements, the following are most likely to be found necessary in encoding terminological data; for fuller descriptions see the appropriate sections in chapter . note contains a note or annotation. ref defines a reference to another location in the current document, in terms of one or more identifiable elements, possibly modified by additional text or comment. ptr defines a pointer to another location in the current document. xref defines a reference to another location in the current document, or an external document, using an extended pointer notation, possibly modified by additional text or comment. xptr defines a pointer to another location in the current document or an external document. date contains a date in any format. bibl contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged. bibl.struct contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic subelements appear and in a specified order. bibl.full contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present. table contains text displayed in tabular form, in rows and columns. figure denotes the location of a graphic, illustration, or figure. formula contains a mathematical or other formula.

Like all other elements defined in the TEI DTDs, all elements in the base tag set for terminology possess the following global attributes: lang indicates the language of the element content, usually using a two- or three-letter code from ISO 639. n gives a number (or other label) for an element, which is not necessarily unique within the document. id provides a unique identifier for the element bearing the ID value.

Using the tags defined here, the example given above in section might be tagged thus:In this example, as in the others, white space has been liberally used for the sake of legibility; in practice most actual encodings would use less white space. appearance of materials opacity n degree of obstruction to the transmission of visible light Opazität n f Maß für die Lichtdurchsichtigkeit p. 383 opacité n f rapport du flux lumineux incident au flux lumineux transmis ou réfléchi par un noircissement photographique ]]>

Both the ptr type='bibliographic' target='ASTM.E284' and ref type='bibliographic' target='HFdn1983' elements in the example indicate links to complete bibliographical entries included in the back matter element of the same document. HFdn1983 is a source reference code for a book, generated according to ISO/TC 37 WI 18, (1991). Its full bibliographic record would be: Henry G. Freeman III 703 pp 1983 Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin and Köln 1983

Compiled for the standards of the DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung).

Further examples, including alternate encodings of this term entry, are given below in section , and section .

The formal definition of these elements depends on which style of markup is being used; for discussion of the two styles, see the following section, . For the formal declarations for the two styles, see sections , and . Basic Structure of the Terminological Entry

A terminological entry is identified with the termEntry tag and contains one or more terms marked with the tag term, which may appear with associated SGML elements. A single term and its associated SGML elements (such as gram, descrip, admin) constitute a term information group, tig. A termEntry may be made up of one or more tigs.

There are two structural descriptions for termEntrys: nested termEntrys flat termEntrys Nested Term Entries

A nested termEntry uses SGML to represent the hierarchical relationships implicit in the terminological entry by utilizing the following principles of embedding and adjacency. Rule of embedding in nested term entries: Elements that constitute a part of another element are embedded inside the parent element. Rules of adjacency in nested term entries: N1Any element that appears in a termEntry outside a tig applies to the entire termEntry. N2Any element that appears in a tig before the term element applies to the entire tig. N3Any element that appears after a non-floating element (i.e., after term, otherForm or descrip) and before the next non-floating element, refers to the immediately preceding non-floating element unless otherwise indicated using the depend attribute. (See section , for a full discussion of the depend attribute.)

As implied above, part-whole relationships are expressed by embedding parts within wholes. Logical relationships such as super- and subordination, or thematic relationships, are represented by one of the rules of adjacency.

The conversion routine that creates the nested entry infers the language of the tig from the language of the term, a process that can be construed as upward inheritance from term to tig. Standard TEI downward inheritance applies for all the elements embedded in the tig: their language is that of the tig, unless this default value is overridden by stating a new value.

An example of a nested term entry was given in section . Flat Term Entries Using Rules of Adjacency

The flat terminological entry does not use the tig element to enclose a term and its associated elements. Instead, it provides other mechanisms to express the relationships that occur within and among entries in a TDB, while at the same time allowing the different types of entries found in different source TDBs to be represented in very natural ways. The difference between the nested and flat terminological entries is that, while both can express the same information, the nested structure represents the logical hierarchy implicit within the entry by embedding elements in one another, while the flat entry does not represent the logical hierarchy within the entry in this way. Since many existing TDBs do not overtly indicate any hierarchical structure such as that represented in a nested entry, the flat entry may be more apt to reflect the organization of data elements within an entry found in the particular source TDB, whereas the nested entry more obviously characterizes an ideal abstract structure of the term entry. In flat entries, terms and their associated elements are grouped by means of the following rules of adjacency: Rules of adjacency in flat termEntrys: F1Any element that appears in a termEntry before the first term is assumed to apply to the entire termEntry. F2Any element that appears after a non-floating element (i.e., after term, otherForm or descrip) and before the next non-floating element refers to the immediately preceding non-floating element unless otherwise indicated using the depend attribute. (See section , for a full discussion of the depend attribute.)

Encoded using the flat style, the example given in section , might look like this: --> appearance of materials opacity n degree of obstruction to the transmission of visible light Opazität n f Maß für die Lichtdurchsichtigkeit p. 383 opacité n f rapport du flux lumineux incident au flux lumineux transmis ou réfléchi par un noircissement photographique ]]> Flat Term Entries Using Group and Depend Attributes

In practice, there are term entries where elements are ordered in such a way that the rules of adjacency cannot be used. For instance, in Example 3 the ptr and ref linking elements refer to the immediately preceding descrip information. The admin type='responsibility' elements as represented here also refer to the descrip element. It may, however, be desirable for the bibliographic reference to refer not only to the quoted material in the descriptive element, but also to the term itself. Because the second rule of adjacency dictates that all floating elements following a non-floating element refer to that non-floating element, a mechanism is required to point to the term if the floating element depends on the term itself.

There are also other exceptions to the adjacency rules: in some term entries elements are associated with a term other than the immediately preceding term. Such entries may be called discontiguous flat term entries, since the constituents of a term information group may not be adjacent. In such entries, information pertaining to the entire terminological entry may not always appear at the beginning of the entry (i.e., prior to the introduction of a term).

Such an entry might be encoded as follows: --> opacity n Opazität n f opacité n f degree of obstruction to the transmission of visible light Maß für die Lichtdurchsichtigkeit rapport du flux lumineux incident au flux lumineux transmis ou réfléchi par un noircissement photographique p. 383 appearance of materials ]]>

In the above example, depend attributes indicate that the material tagged with this attribute is related to the targeted element. The group elements indicate that the information so marked is part of an implicit tig, i.e. that it pertains either to the term or to the entire implicit tig. Items linked to other elements by depend do not require the group attribute because they are associated with the group already by virtue of their relation to elements that are themselves associated with the group.

So as to describe appropriate relationships in discontiguous flat termEntrys, it is necessary to define a pointing mechanism that allows any non-adjacent element to be related to an implicit term information group and therefore to the term with which it is associated or to some other specific element.

The group attribute associates an element with a specific term, or with an implicit term information group: its value must be the same as the n attribute on the term element being pointed to. During interchange, the group attribute would be used to extract and assemble all the elements related to a specific term information group from a discontiguous flat termEntry by matching them to the n attributes on the terms. (Note: id values must be unique within the document, whereas n values need not be unique; within the base tag set defined in this chapter, n values are required to be unique only within each individual terminological entry. In other TEI bases, they are not constrained at all.) The group pointer accounts for the kind of relationship represented by the principle of embeddedness within a tig in a nested term entry.An alternative proposal would make group and depend take allowed values of IDREF or IDREFS, and thus perform the linkage based on the id attribute, rather than the n attribute, of the target element. This alternative is still being explored by the responsible work groups.

The depend attribute associates an element with some other specific element: its value must be the same as the n attribute on the element being pointed to. As shown in the last line of Example 4, the depend attribute can also point to the entire terminological entry by targeting a value of n indicated in the termEntry element. If for any reason the grammatical information pertaining to a term does not follow the term immediately, this information must be linked to the term with the depend attribute.

To summarize the behavior of group and depend, the group attribute identifies an implicit tig, whereas the depend attribute implies relatedness. If there is any ambiguity with respect to the rules of adjacency, one should use depend.

In Example 4, the English term opacity is identified as n=1, and all other elements associated with this tig are marked as group=1; in German, the term and all its associated elements are identified as n=2 and group=2, respectively; in French, the term and associated elements are marked group=3. Since the bibliographical references are displaced from the descriptive information with which they are associated, the descriptions are identified with n=endes1, n=dedes1, and n=frdes1, respectively. The ptr and ref elements are then identified with depend attributes that target the appropriate descriptions. Even if the elements in the entry were adjacent, this convention would be essential if one wanted to indicate that the source applied to the term and hence to the entire tig, rather than just to the descrip element itself. References between Term Entries

Terminology documents utilize a variety of cross-references between termEntrys, for instance to link to bibliographic entries or between equivalents in different languages, synonyms and related terms and concepts. These references are usually implemented using the TEI linking elements ptr and ref, together with a value of the attribute type. If, as is the case with the reference to ASTM E284, the total bibliographic source description is contained in the target element of the linking element, use ptr. If, on the other hand, a page number is included, this page number must appear as the content of a linking element introduced by the ref element.

Examples: ]]> or p. 383 ]]>

If the full bibliographical citation is included in the termEntry itself, linking elements are unnecessary and the citation can be marked using the bibl, bibl.struct, or bibl.full elements. For further discussion of bibliographic citations and references, see section . Overall Structure of Terminological Documents

The overall structure of documents using the TEI terminology base is identical to that of others: within the TEI.2 element they contain a TeiHeader and a text. The text element, in turn, contains as usual a body element, optionally preceded by a front and followed by a back. The body may contain a series of termEntry elements, which may optionally be grouped into sections tagged with the same elements (div, div0, div1, etc.) defined in chapter . text contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem, drama, collection of essays, or novel. body contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter. div contains a subdivision of the front, body or back of a text. div0 contains the largest possible subdivision of the body of a text. div1 contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body or back of a text (the largest, if div0 is not used, the second largest if it is). div2 contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body or back of a text. div3 contains a third-level subdivision of the front, body or back of a text. div4 contains a fourth-level subdivision of the front, body or back of a text. div5 contains a fifth-level subdivision of the front, body or back of a text. div6 contains a sixth-level subdivision of the front, body or back of a text. div7 contains the smallest possible subdivision of the front, body or back of a text, larger than a paragraph.

In order to support both the flat and the nested styles of markup, three distinct DTD fragments for terminology are provided. teiterm2 teite2n teite2f

In file teiterm2.dtd, the top-level elements for the terminology base are defined, and a subordinate parameter entity, termtags is defined and referred to. By default, termtags refers to file teite2n.dtd, which defines the DTD for nested markup; if the flat style of markup is to be used, the document's DTD subset should define termtags as pointing to the file teite2f.dtd, as shown in the examples in section . %termtags; ]]> DTD Fragment for Nested Style

In file teite2n.dtd the following definitions are found, which define the elements used in the nested markup style: ]]> DTD Fragment for Flat Style

In file teite2f.dtd the following definitions, which provide support for the flat markup style, are found: ]]> Additional Examples of Term Entries

The tag set defined in this chapter is designed to accommodate the variety of structures that occur in TDBs; this section shows the how the same information may be encoded in different ways, depending on local convenience or preferences. Example 5 gives an entry from an ISO terminological standard. Example 6 treats this English-French equivalent pair as a single nested terminological entry, whereas Example 7 splits the information into two nested entries with cross-references. Example 8 shows the same data as a flat terminological entry with adjacent elements, whereas Example 9 groups the elements according to element type, which requires the use of pointers in order to reconstruct the implicit terminological information group from discontiguous elements. Example 5: Term Entry from ISO 472

The following term entry is taken from ISO 472:1988, , Bilingual edition (Geneva: ISO, 1988), p. 84. The original uses typographic characteristics to represent different data element types within the term entry, not all of which have been retained in the reproduction of this sample. As prescribed by ISO layout guidelines,ISO 10241, , due for publication in January 1993. the original text is printed in Helvetica, with English and French information presented in two parallel columns; head terms appear in bold face, notes in a smaller font size than the main text, and terms referred to in the cross references are printed in italics. thermal degradation The entirety of all deleterious chemical modifications of plastic at elevated temperature.

NOTE --- It is essential to report the temperature and other environmental conditions at which the phenomenon is studied.

See also ageing, degradation and deterioriation. décomposition thermique Ensemble de toutes les modifications chimiques nuisibles d'un plastique à température élevée.

NOTE --- Il est essentiel d'indiquer la température et les autres conditions d'environnement dans lesquelles le phénomène est étudié.

Voir aussi viellissement, dégradation et détérioration. Example 6: Example 5 Treated as a Single Term Entry in Nested Form

This treatment assumes that both the English and French terms are treated together in the same entry. The elements grouped together at the top of the term entry apply to the entire entry. The ptr link targets a term entry (related concept) contained in the same document that is closely related to the subject concept. The id values used here are purely arbitrary. plastics p. 84 thermal degradation n The entirety of all deleterious chemical modifications of plastic at elevated temperature. It is essential to report the temperature and other environmental conditions at which the phenomenon is studied. décomposition thermique n f Ensemble de toutes les modifications chimiques nuisibles d'un plastique à température élevé. Il est essentiel d'indiquer la température et les autres conditions d'environnement dans lesquelles le phénomène est étudié. ageing ... vieillissement ... ]]> Example 7: Example 5 Treated as Two Separate Term Entries in Nested Form

This example takes cognizance of the fact that some TDBs treat each term in a single termEntry instead of grouping all the information for a single concept into a single termEntry. The rationale behind this approach is frequently that no two languages truly provide harmonized concepts, although in the case of standardized terminology it can generally be assumed that concepts have been harmonized. The significant difference in encoding that occurs in this type of system is that ptr linking elements are required more frequently to link to term equivalents and related terms in other entries in the same document. Since there is only one tig in each entry, the ptr element could come at the beginning, as shown in 13.5.3, or inside the tig as shown below. plastics p. 84 The entirety of all deleterious chemical modifications of plastic at elevated temperature. It is essential to report the temperature and other environmental conditions at which the phenomenon is studied. plastics p. 84 décomposition thermique n f Ensemble de toutes les modifications chimiques nuisibles d'un plastique à température élevée. Il est essentiel d'indiquer la température et les autres conditions d'environnement dans lesquelles le phénom`ne est étudié. ageing ... vieillissement ... ]]> Example 8: Example 5 Treated as a Flat Term Entry Using Adjacency Rules

This version of Example 5 uses a flat style of encoding, following the pattern of many existing TDBs; elements associated with a given term follow it immediately: plastics p. 84 thermal degradation n The entirety of all deleterious chemical modifications of plastic at elevated temperature. It is essential to report the temperature and other environmental conditions at which the phenomenon is studied. décomposition thermique n f Ensemble de toutes les modifications chimiques nuisibles d'un plastique à température élevée. Il est essentiel d'indiquer la température et les autres conditions d'environnement dans lesquelles le phénomène est étudié. ageing ... vieillissement ... ]]> Example 9: Example 5 Treated as a Flat Term Entry Not Using Adjacency Rules

Many translation-oriented terminologists who work with half-screen popup windows prefer the following layout because it enables them to see the various term options at the top part of their display window without having to scroll into the body of the termEntry. Note in this case that the ref element links the bibliographic information to the entire entry. thermal degradation n décomposition thermique n f The entirety of all deleterious chemical modifications of plastic at elevated temperature. Ensemble de toutes les modifications chimiques nuisibles d'un plastique à température élevée. It is essential to report the temperature and other environmental conditions at which the phenomenon is studied. Il est essentiel d'indiquer la température et les autres conditions d'environnement dans lesquelles le phénomène est étudié. plastics p. 84 ageing ... vieillissement ... ]]>