
From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
[wais.access.gpo.gov]
[Laws in effect as of January 2, 2001]
[Document affected by Public Law 107-115 Section 560]
[Document affected by Public Law 107-99]
[CITE: 22USC2151]

 
               TITLE 22--FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
 
                     CHAPTER 32--FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
 
                 SUBCHAPTER I--INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 
  Part I--Declaration of Policy; Development Assistance Authorizations
 
Sec. 2151. Congressional findings and declaration of policy


(a) United States development cooperation policy

    The Congress finds that fundamental political, economic, and 
technological changes have resulted in the interdependence of nations. 
The Congress declares that the individual liberties, economic 
prosperity, and security of the people of the United States are best 
sustained and enhanced in a community of nations which respect 
individual civil and economic rights and freedoms and which work 
together to use wisely the world's limited resources in an open and 
equitable international economic system. Furthermore, the Congress 
reaffirms the traditional humanitarian ideals of the American people and 
renews its commitment to assist people in developing countries to 
eliminate hunger, poverty, illness, and ignorance.
    Therefore, the Congress declares that a principal objective of the 
foreign policy of the United States is the encouragement and sustained 
support of the people of developing countries in their efforts to 
acquire the knowledge and resources essential to development and to 
build the economic, political, and social institutions which will 
improve the quality of their lives.
    United States development cooperation policy should emphasize five 
principal goals:
        (1) the alleviation of the worst physical manifestations of 
    poverty among the world's poor majority;
        (2) the promotion of conditions enabling developing countries to 
    achieve self-sustaining economic growth with equitable distribution 
    of benefits;
        (3) the encouragement of development processes in which 
    individual civil and economic rights are respected and enhanced;
        (4) the integration of the developing countries into an open and 
    equitable international economic system; and
        (5) the promotion of good governance through combating 
    corruption and improving transparency and accountability.

    The Congress declares that pursuit of these goals requires that 
development concerns be fully reflected in United States foreign policy 
and that United States development resources be effectively and 
efficiently utilized.

(b) Coordination of development-related activities

    Under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State, the agency 
primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter 
should have the responsibility for coordinating all United States 
development-related activities.

(Pub. L. 87-195, pt. I, Sec. 101, formerly Sec. 102, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 
Stat. 424; Pub. L. 87-565, pt. I, Sec. 101, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 255; 
Pub. L. 88-205, pt. I, Sec. 101(c), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 379; Pub. L. 
89-171, pt. I, Sec. 101, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 653; Pub. L. 89-583, 
pt. I, Sec. 101, Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 90-137, pt. I, 
Sec. 101, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 445; Pub. L. 93-189, Sec. 2(2), Dec. 
17, 1973, 87 Stat. 714; Pub. L. 94-161, title III, Sec. 301, Dec. 20, 
1975, 89 Stat. 855; Pub. L. 95-88, title I, Secs. 101, 113(b), Aug. 3, 
1977, 91 Stat. 533, 538; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 95-424, title I, 
Sec. 101, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 937; Pub. L. 106-309, title II, 
Sec. 203(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1091.)


References to Subchapter I Deemed To Include Certain Parts of Subchapter 
                                   II

    References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include 
parts IV (Sec. 2346 et seq.), VI (Sec. 2348 et seq.), and VIII 
(Sec. 2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references 
to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of 
Pub. L. 92-226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and 
sections 2348c and 2349aa-5 of this title.


                               Amendments

    2000--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106-309 substituted ``five principal 
goals'' for ``four principal goals'' in introductory provisions of third 
paragraph and added par. (5).
    1978--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95-424, in setting forth a new 
declaration of policy generally substituted four principal goals of 
development cooperation policy, they being (1) the alleviation of the 
worst manifestations of poverty, (2) self-sustained economic growth, (3) 
respect for civil and economic rights, and (4) the integration of the 
developing countries into an open and equitable economic system, for 
former seven pars. relating to: (1) primary responsibility for 
development being in the less developed countries themselves; (2) the 
active involvement of many countries; (3) the encouragement of regional 
cooperation; (5) assistance being of such nature as to help United 
States balance of payments; (6) furnishing of assistance in such manner 
as to promote efficiency, and (7) the furnishing of agricultural 
commodities, etc., to complement assistance under this subchapter.
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95-424 substituted provisions relating to the 
responsibility of the agency primarily responsible for administering the 
program for coordination of all development related activities, for 
former seven criteria for restructuring relationships with less 
developed countries, those criteria being: (1) sharing of technical 
expertise; (2) focusing on critical problems affecting the majority of 
the people; (3) use of the private sector; (4) development goals as the 
responsibility of each sovereign nation; (5) priority to undertakings 
directly improving the lives of the poorest people; (6) private 
investment in development programs; and (7) responsibility for 
coordination of activities with the agency having primary responsibility 
for administering this part.
    Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 95-424 struck out subsecs. (c) to (e).
    1977--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95-88, Sec. 113(b)(1), inserted 
``environment and natural resources'' to enumeration of fundamental 
needs of the people of less developed countries which development 
assistance must be used in meeting.
    Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 95-88, Sec. 113(b)(2), inserted 
``environment and natural resources;'' after ``population planning and 
health;''.
    Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95-88, Sec. 101(a), substituted provisions 
under which the President developed the criteria and factors to be used 
in assessing the commitment and progress of countries in meeting the 
objectives set forth in subsec. (c) and transmitted a report by Jan. 31, 
1978, to the Speaker of the House and to the Committee on Foreign 
Relations of the Senate for provisions under which the President had 
established the criteria without Congressional involvement.
    Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95-88, Sec. 101(b), added subsec. (e).
    1975--Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 94-161 added subsecs. (c) and (d).
    1973--Pub. L. 93-189 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) 
and added subsec. (b).
    1967--Pub. L. 90-137, in providing a new statement of policy, 
reaffirming basic foreign assistance principles, and recognizing new 
problems and need for new priorities, substituted five pars. concerned 
with (1) freedom, security, prosperity, aggression, subversion, 
ignorance, want, despair, and national security; (2) economic 
cooperation and trade among countries, etc. (a reenactment of former 
sixth par. less provision for resort to international law procedures in 
adjudication of issues among friendly countries in support of such 
economic cooperation, etc.); (3) seven principles pertaining to: self-
help efforts and responsibility of the country, multilateral basis of 
involvement and cooperation, regional cooperation, food production and 
voluntary family planning, balance of payments, maximum dollar 
effectiveness, and coordination of overall assistance; (4) Permanent 
Peace in the Middle East; and (5) suspension of assistance after 
severance of diplomatic relations for former sixteen pars. relating to: 
(1) dignity and interdependence of man, and freedom; (2) resources 
development, living standards improvement, and aspirations for justice, 
education, etc., now covered in par. (1); (4) free economic institutions 
and flow of private investment capital; (5) investment guaranties; (6) 
economic cooperation and trade among countries, etc., as described for 
par. (2); (7) long-range continuity and disposal of surplus property and 
agricultural crops; (8) world peace, national security, and dangers of 
international communism; (9) countries sharing United States views on 
world crisis; (10) loan guarantees and related technical assistance and 
development program; (11) regional organizations for mutual assistance; 
(12) prohibition of assistance for short-term emergency purposes; (13) 
common undertaking of countries to meet goals; (14) discretionary 
assistance by the President to South Vietnam to gain victory in the war 
against communism and return to homeland of Americans from that 
struggle; (15) damage or destruction by mob action of United States 
property and termination of assistance, now covered in section 2370(j) 
of this title; and (16) use of United States Armed Forces, now covered 
in section 2409 of this title.
    1966--Pub. L. 89-583 provided for termination of assistance to any 
foreign country which does not take appropriate measures to provide 
compensation for damage or destruction by mob action of United States 
property within such country and declared that furnishing assistance 
shall not be construed as creating a new commitment or as affecting any 
existing commitment to use armed forces of the United States for the 
defense of any foreign country.
    1965--Pub. L. 89-171 added expressions of the sense of Congress that 
in furnishing assistance under this subchapter excess personal property 
shall be utilized wherever practicable in lieu of the procurement of new 
items for United States-assisted projects and programs and that 
assistance under this chapter and other statutes should be terminated to 
any country permitting damage to or destruction of U.S. property within 
such country by mob action or by failing to take adequate preventive 
measures.
    1963--Pub. L. 88-205 declared that institution of full investment 
guaranty programs with all recipient countries would be regarded as a 
significant measure of self-help by such countries improving investment 
climate, that assistance to maintain freedom from communism ``shall'' 
rather than ``should'' emphasize long-range development, that in the 
administration of programs of assistance, every precaution be taken to 
assure that assistance is not diverted to any short-term emergency 
purpose or any purpose not essential to long-range economic development, 
that other industrialized free-world countries increase their 
contributions and assistance to more equitably share the burden, and the 
President should in his discretion, extend or withhold assistance from 
South Vietnam to further victory and the return home of Americans 
involved in the struggle there.
    1962--Pub. L. 87-565 declared distinctions made by foreign nations 
between American citizens because of race, color, or religion, relating 
to rights available to such citizens, to be repugnant to our principals, 
required in the administration of these funds, that consideration be 
given those countries sharing our world views and which do not divert 
their resources to military or propaganda efforts, supported by the 
Soviet Union or Communist China, against the United States or countries 
receiving aid under this chapter, that the highest emphasis be given to 
programs for loans or loan guarantees for use by organizations in making 
low-interest loans to individuals in friendly countries for the purchase 
of small farms, purchase of homes, aiding or establishing small 
businesses, purchase of tools and equipment for an occupation or trade, 
or to obtain practical education in vocational skills, and to programs 
of technical assistance and development, each assisted country should be 
encouraged to recognize needs of the people in the preparation of 
national development programs, and declared that friendly nations are to 
be invited, where possible, to join in missions to consult with 
countries receiving assistance on the possibilities of joint action to 
assure effective development of economic development plans and effective 
use of assistance provided them, and that the President may request 
international financial institutions to assist in establishing such 
missions.


                    Effective Date of 1979 Amendment

    Pub. L. 96-53, title V, Sec. 512, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 380, 
provided that:
    ``(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and in 
section 503(b) [set out as an Effective Date of 1979 Amendment note 
under section 2385a of this title] this Act [see Short Title of 1979 
Amendments note below] shall take effect on October 1, 1979.
    ``(b) Sections 114(b) [not classified to the Code], 123 [amending a 
provision set out as a note below], 501 [not classified to the Code], 
and 509 [set out as a note below] of this Act shall take effect on the 
date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 14, 1979].''


                    Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

    Section 605 of Pub. L. 95-424 provided that: ``The amendments made 
by this Act [see Short Title of 1978 Amendment note below] shall take 
effect on October 1, 1978.''


                     Short Title of 2000 Amendments

    Pub. L. 106-570, Sec. 1, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3038, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2151b-1 of this title and enacting 
provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151b-1, 
2517, 2656, and 6901 of this title, section 1701 of Title 50, War and 
National Defense, and preceding section 28101 of Title 49, 
Transportation] may be cited as the `Assistance for International 
Malaria Control Act'.''
    Pub. L. 106-570, title I, Sec. 101, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3039, 
provided that: ``This title [enacting section 2151b-1 of this title and 
provisions set out as a note under section 2151b-1 of this title] may be 
cited as the `International Malaria Control Act of 2000'.''
    Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 1, Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1427, provided 
that: ``This Act [amending sections 2220a to 2220c and 2220e of this 
title] may be cited as the `Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger 
Improvement Act of 2000'.''
    Pub. L. 106-309, Sec. 1, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1078, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting sections 2152a to 2152c and 2462 of this 
title, amending this section and sections 287e-1, 2151-1, 2151f, 2151i, 
2151aa, and 2395 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes 
under this section and sections 2151f, 2151i, 2152b, 2152c, 2462, and 
2517 of this title and section 402 of Title 10, Armed Forces] may be 
cited as the `Microenterprise for Self-Reliance and International Anti-
Corruption Act of 2000'.''
    Pub. L. 106-309, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1079, 
provided that: ``This title [enacting sections 2152a and 2152b of this 
title, amending section 2151f of this title, and enacting provisions set 
out as notes under sections 2151f and 2152b of this title] may be cited 
as the `Microenterprise for Self-Reliance Act of 2000'.''
    Pub. L. 106-309, title II, Sec. 201, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1090, 
provided that: ``This title [enacting section 2152c of this title, 
amending this section and sections 2151-1 and 2151aa of this title, and 
enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2152c of this title] 
may be cited as the `International Anti-Corruption and Good Governance 
Act of 2000'.''
    Pub. L. 106-309, title IV, Sec. 401(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 
1096, provided that: ``This section [amending section 2151i of this 
title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2151i of 
this title] may be cited as the `Support for Overseas Cooperative 
Development Act'.''
    Pub. L. 106-280, Sec. 1(a), Oct. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 845, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting part IX (Sec. 2349bb et seq.) of subchapter 
II of this chapter and sections 2305, 2347f, and 2347g of this title, 
amending sections 2302, 2318, 2321h, 2321j, 2349aa-4, 2415, 2776, 2778, 
2797, and 6723 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes 
under sections 2305, 2797, and 2797b of this title] may be cited as the 
`Security Assistance Act of 2000'.''
    Pub. L. 106-264, title II, Sec. 201, Aug. 19, 2000, 114 Stat. 758, 
provided that: ``This title [amending section 2151b of this title and 
enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2151b of this title] 
may be cited as the `International Tuberculosis Control Act of 2000'.''


                     Short Title of 1999 Amendments

    Pub. L. 106-158, Sec. 1, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1745, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting section 4727a of Title 15, Commerce and 
Trade, amending sections 2191a, 2193, 2195, and 2421 of this title and 
section 4727 of Title 15, and enacting provisions set out as a note 
under section 2191a of this title] may be cited as the `Export 
Enhancement Act of 1999'.''
    Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(2) [title V, Sec. 596(a)], 
Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A-123, provided that: ``This section 
[enacting part XII of subchapter I of this chapter and amending sections 
5812 and 5814 of this title] may be cited as the `Silk Road Strategy Act 
of 1999'.''
    Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XII, 
Sec. 1201], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-497, provided that: 
``This title [amending sections 2321h, 2321j, 2367, 2753, 2761, 2762, 
2776, and 2779a of this title and section 301 of Title 13, Census, and 
enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2551 of this title, 
sections 1 and 301 of Title 13, and section 2099 of Title 50, Appendix, 
War and National Defense] may be cited as the `Security Assistance Act 
of 1999'.''
    Pub. L. 106-87, Sec. 1, Nov. 3, 1999, 113 Stat. 1301, provided that: 
``This Act [amending section 2152 of this title and provisions set out 
as a note under section 2152 of this title] may be cited as the `Torture 
Victims Relief Reauthorization Act of 1999'.''


                      Short Title of 1996 Amendment

    Pub. L. 104-319, Sec. 1, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3864, provided 
that: ``This Act [amending sections 277b, 2151n, and 2304 of this title, 
enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2452 
of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 
1157 and 1255 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality] may be cited as the 
`Human Rights, Refugee, and Other Foreign Relations Provisions Act of 
1996'.''


                     Short Title of 1994 Amendments

    Pub. L. 103-447, Sec. 1, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4691, provided 
that: ``This Act [amending sections 2291, 2291a, 2291e, 2291f, 2291h to 
2291k of this title, section 635 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, section 
981 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 1616a of Title 
19, Customs Duties, and section 881 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, 
repealing section 2291-2 of this title, enacting provisions set out as 
notes under this section, sections 1928 and 2420 of this title, and 
section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, amending provisions set 
out as a note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and 
repealing provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 2291, 
2291h, and 2420 of this title, section 701 of Title 41, Public 
Contracts, and section 1902 of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping] may be 
cited as the `International Narcotics Control Corrections Act of 
1994'.''
    Pub. L. 103-392, Sec. 1, Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4098, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2151t-1 of this title, amending 
sections 2191, 2195, and 2421 of this title and sections 4052 and 4728 
of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and enacting provisions set out as a 
note under section 4701 of Title 15] may be cited as the `Jobs Through 
Trade Expansion Act of 1994'.''


                     Short Title of 1992 Amendments

    Pub. L. 102-583, Sec. 1, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4914, provided that 
Pub. L. 102-583 could be cited as the ``International Narcotics Control 
Act of 1992'', prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(a), 
Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693.
    Pub. L. 102-549, Sec. 1, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3651, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting sections 2077, 2200b, 2421a to 2421e, and 
2430 to 2430i of this title and section 4723a of Title 15, Commerce and 
Trade, amending sections 2191, 2191a, 2194, 2195, 2197 to 2199, 2200a, 
2421, and 5401 of this title, section 5314 of Title 5, Government 
Organization and Employees, section 1738i of Title 7, Agriculture, and 
sections 635q to 635s of Title 12, Banks and Banking, repealing section 
2296 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this 
section and sections 262s-2, 2296, 2421, and 2421a of this title, and 
amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited 
as the `Jobs Through Exports Act of 1992'.''
    Pub. L. 102-549, title VI, Sec. 601, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3664, 
provided that: ``This title [enacting sections 2077 and 2430 to 2430i of 
this title, amending section 1738i of Title 7, Agriculture, repealing 
section 2296 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note 
under section 2296 of this title] may be cited as the `Enterprise for 
the Americas Act of 1992'.''


                      Short Title of 1990 Amendment

    Pub. L. 101-623, Sec. 1(a), Nov. 21, 1990, 104 Stat. 3350, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2151x-1 of this title and section 
3196 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending sections 
2291c, 2321k, 2346c, and 2360 of this title and section 635 of Title 12, 
Banks and Banking, and enacting provisions set out as notes under 
sections 2291, 2291h, and 2360 of this title] may be cited as the 
`International Narcotics Control Act of 1990'.''


                     Short Title of 1989 Amendments

    Pub. L. 101-240, Sec. 1(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2492, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting sections 262m-7, 262p-4g to 262p-4k, 262r to 
262r-2, 262s-1, 262t, 283z-5 to 283z-8, 286e-12, 286kk, and 2281 to 2286 
of this title and section 3904a of Title 12, Banks and Banking, amending 
sections 262d, 262m-7, 262p-1, 262p-5, 262s-2, 282b, 283b, 283cc, 284b, 
285b, 286b, 286e-9, 286k-1, 286s, 290g-2, 290i-3, and 290k-5 of this 
title and sections 635 and 635i-3 of Title 12, transferring former 
section 262q of this title to section 262s of this title, and former 
section 4722 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, to section 262s-2 of this 
title, repealing sections 262i, 262m-6, 276c-3, 283i, 286b-1, and 286b-2 
of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, 
sections 262d, 283z-6, and 2291 of this title, and sections 635, 3901, 
and 3904a of Title 12, amending provisions set out as a note under 
section 262l of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes 
under sections 262g-2 and 283 of this title] may be cited as the 
`International Development and Finance Act of 1989'.''
    Pub. L. 101-240, title VII, Sec. 701, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2521, 
provided that: ``This title [enacting sections 2281 to 2286 of this 
title] may be cited as the `Global Environmental Protection Assistance 
Act of 1989'.''
    Pub. L. 101-231, Sec. 1(a), Dec. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 1954, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2321k of this title, amending 
sections 2291, 2291a, 2708, and 2795 of this title and sections 2492 and 
2495 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and enacting provisions set out as 
notes under sections 2291 and 2708 of this title] may be cited as the 
`International Narcotics Control Act of 1989'.''
    Pub. L. 101-222, Sec. 1(a), Dec. 12, 1989, 103 Stat. 1892, provided 
that: ``This Act [amending sections 1732, 2364, 2371, 2753, 2776, 2778, 
and 2780 of this title and section 2405 of Title 50, Appendix, War and 
National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as a note under 
section 2371 of this title] may be cited as the `Anti-Terrorism and Arms 
Export Amendments Act of 1989'.''


                     Short Title of 1988 Amendments

    Pub. L. 100-690, title IV, Sec. 4001, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4261, 
provided that title IV of Pub. L. 100-690 could be cited as the 
``International Narcotics Control Act of 1988'', prior to repeal by Pub. 
L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(b), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693.
    Pub. L. 100-461, title V, Sec. 555 [H.R. 5263, title I, Sec. 101, 
and S. 2757, title I, Sec. 101], Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268-36, 
provided that: ``This title [amending sections 2191, 2194, 2194b, 2195, 
2197, 2199, and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the `Overseas 
Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1988'.''


                     Short Title of 1986 Amendments

    Pub. L. 99-570, title II, Sec. 2001, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-
60, provided that title II of Pub. L. 99-570 could be cited as the 
``International Narcotics Control Act of 1986'', prior to repeal by Pub. 
L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(c), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694.
    Pub. L. 99-529, Sec. 1, Oct. 24, 1986, 100 Stat. 3010, provided 
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2151p-1 of this title, amending 
sections 290f, 2151b, 2151p, 2151q, 2222, 2291a, 2427, and 3929 of this 
title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 290f of 
this title] may be cited as the `Special Foreign Assistance Act of 
1986'.''


                     Short Title of 1985 Amendments

    Pub. L. 99-204, Sec. 1, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1669, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting sections 2191a and 2194b of this title, amending 
sections 2191, 2194, 2195, and 2197 to 2200a of this title and section 
709 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, repealing section 2200b 
of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2191a 
of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 
2200a of this title] may be cited as the `Overseas Private Investment 
Corporation Amendments Act of 1985'.''
    Pub. L. 99-83, Sec. 1(a), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 190, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting sections 2227, 2271 to 2276, 2291b, 2346 to 2346c, 
2347c, 2347d, 2349aa-7 to 2349aa-9, 2511, 2521a, and 2770a of this 
title, section 469j of Title 16, Conservation, and sections 1356b and 
1515a of former Title 49, Transportation, amending sections 290f, 290h-
8, 290h-9, 2151-1, 2151a to 2151d, 2151f, 2151h, 2151s, 2151u, 2151x, 
2151z, 2174, 2182, 2182a, 2184, 2201, 2222, 2291, 2291a, 2292a, 2304, 
2311, 2312, 2314, 2321h, 2321i, 2346b, 2347a, 2348a, 2349aa-2, 2349aa-4, 
2354, 2361, 2364, 2370, 2371, 2375, 2394, 2394-1, 2396, 2411, 2413, 
2420, 2421, 2427, 2429a, 2501, 2502, 2504, 2506, 2510, 2522, 2523, 2752, 
2753, 2761, 2763 to 2767, 2771, 2776, 2778, 2791, 2792, 2794, and 2795 
of this title, sections 1431, 1721, 1722, 1727a, and 1736b of Title 7, 
Agriculture, section 7307 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and sections 1356, 
1471, and 1515 of former Title 49, repealing sections 2293, 2294, 2346 
to 2346c, 2346e to 2346i, and 2349aa-6 of this title, enacting 
provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151-1, 
2151b, 2151u, 2291, 2346, 2374, 2429a, 2506, 2511, 2751, and 2778 of 
this title, section 4011 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and section 
1515 of former Title 49, amending provisions set out as notes under 
sections 2370 and 2501 of this title, and repealing provisions set out 
as a note under section 2293 of this title] may be cited as the 
`International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985'.''
    Pub. L. 99-83, title VI, Sec. 601, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 228, 
provided that: ``This title [enacting section 2291b of this title, 
amending sections 2151x, 2291, and 2291a of this title, and enacting 
provisions set out as a note under section 2291 of this title] may be 
cited as the `International Narcotics Control Act of 1985'.''


                     Short Title of 1983 Amendments

    Pub. L. 98-164, title VII, Sec. 701, Nov. 22, 1984, 97 Stat. 1045, 
provided that: ``This title [enacting section 2151q of this title and 
amending section 2452 of this title] may be cited as the `International 
Environment Protection Act of 1983'.''
    Pub. L. 98-151, Sec. 101(b)(2), Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 968, 
provided in part that: ``Section 101(b)(2) of this joint resolution 
[enacting sections 2151f, and 2349aa to 2349aa-6 of this title, amending 
sections 2304, 2346a, 2403, and 2771 of this title, and enacting 
provisions set out as a note under section 2349aa of this title] may be 
cited as the `International Security and Development Assistance 
Authorizations Act of 1983'.''


                     Short Title of 1981 Amendments

    Pub. L. 97-113, Sec. 1, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1519, provided that: 
``This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 
`International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981'.''
    Pub. L. 97-65, Sec. 1, Oct. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1021, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting sections 2194a and 2200b of this title, amending 
sections 2191, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2198, 2199, and 2200a of this 
title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2193 and 
2200a of this title] may be cited as the `Overseas Private Investment 
Corporation Amendments Act of 1981'.''


                     Short Title of 1980 Amendments

    Pub. L. 96-533, Sec. 1, Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3131, provided: 
``This Act [enacting sections 290h to 290h-9, 2226, 2346a, 2346b, 2769, 
and 2778a of this title, amending sections 2151a to 2151d, 2151n, 2151s, 
2151u, 2151v, 2174, 2221, 2222, 2291a, 2292, 2292a, 2292l, 2304, 2311, 
2312, 2318, 2321h to 2321j, 2346, 2347a, 2348a, 2354, 2364, 2367, 2370, 
2384, 2394, 2399d, 2403, 2411, 2421, 2427, 2502, 2514, 2753, 2761 to 
2765, 2771, 2776 to 2779, 2791, 2794, and 3510 of this title, sections 
1712 and 1733 of Title 7, Agriculture, sections 5041 and 5045 of Title 
42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 2405 of Title 50, 
Appendix, War and National Defense, repealing sections 2151q, 2346c to 
2346e, and 2348b of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes 
under this section and sections 290h, 2151a, 2291a, 2293, 2370, and 3401 
of this title, section 1522 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, and 
section 2667 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and repealing a provision set 
out as a note under section 2293 of this title] may be cited as the 
`International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980'.''
    Pub. L. 96-257, Sec. 1, May 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 422, provided: ``That 
this Act [enacting section 2346e of this title] may be cited as the 
`Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979'.''


                     Short Title of 1979 Amendments

    Pub. L. 96-92, Sec. 1, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 701, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting sections 2346d, 2767, and 2768 of this title, 
amending sections 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2304, 2312, 2318, 2321h to 2321j, 
2346 to 2346c, 2347a, 2348, 2348a, 2403, 2753, 2761, 2765, 2771, 2773, 
2776, 2778, 2792, and 2794 of this title, and enacting provisions set 
out as notes under this section and sections 2321h, 2346c, 2771, 2776, 
and 3302 of this title] may be cited as the `International Security 
Assistance Act of 1979'.''
    Pub. L. 96-53, Sec. 1, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 359, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting sections 2151x, 2151y, 2374, and 3501 to 3513 of 
this title, and sections 1736g of Title 7, Agriculture, amending 
sections 2151-1, 2151a to 2151d, 2151i, 2151k, 2151n, 2151p, 2151q, 
2151s, 2151u, 2151v, 2174, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2220b, 2222, 2292a, 2292l, 
2304, 2357, 2361, 2385a, 2395, 2399c, 2421, 2427, 2502, and 2506 of this 
title, sections 5314 to 5316 and 5924 of Title 5, Government 
Organization and Employees, and sections 1703, 1704, 1722, 1726, 1727, 
1727a, 1727b, 1727d to 1727f, 1731, and 1734 of Title 7, and enacting 
provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151n, 
2151y, 2312, 2385a, and 3201 of this title] may be cited as the 
`International Development Cooperation Act of 1979'.''


                     Short Title of 1978 Amendments

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 95-424 provided that: ``This Act [enacting 
sections 2151-1, 2151t, 2151u, 2151v, 2151w, 2201, 2292l, 2335a, 2393a, 
2394-1, 2394-1a and 2395a of this title, amending this section and 
sections 2151a, 2151a-1, 2151b, 2151c, 2151d, 2151e, 2151g, 2151h, 
2151k, 2151n, 2151p, 2151q, 2151r, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2213, 
2220a, 2220d, 2221, 2222, 2292, 2292a, 2292i, 2292k, 2351, 2357, 2358, 
2361, 2370, 2381a, 2384, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2399c, 2403, 2421, and 
2427 of this title and sections 1703, 1706, 1727c, and 1727d of Title 7, 
Agriculture, repealing sections 2151f, 2151l, 2151m, 2151o, 2161, 2162, 
2164, 2167, 2168, 2171, 2172, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2180, 2180a, 2211, 
2212, 2213, 2216, 2217, 2217a, 2219, 2219a, 2220, 2224, 2271, 2281, 
2292d, 2292g, 2368, 2369, 2408, 2410, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2418, and 2425 
of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this 
section and sections 2151v, 2151u, 2222, 2292d, and 2395 of this title 
and section 1711 of Title 7] may be cited as the `International 
Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978'.''
    Pub. L. 95-384, Sec. 1, Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 730, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting sections 2348 to 2348c, 2373, 2417, 2428b, and 2766 
of this title, amending sections 1754, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2304, 2312, 
2321b, 2321h to 2321j, 2346 to 2346c, 2347a, 2347b, 2360, 2372, 2413, 
2429, 2429a, 2751, 2761, 2762, 2765, 2771, and 2776 of this title and 
section 2403 of Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense, repealing 
sections 2441 to 2443 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as 
notes under this section and sections 287c, 1754, 2291, 2311, 2346, 
2346a, 2370, and 2751 of this title] may be cited as the `International 
Security Assistance Act of 1978'.''
    Pub. L. 95-268, Sec. 1, Apr. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 213, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting section 2200 of this title and amending sections 
2191, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2199, and 2200a of this title] may be cited as 
the `Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1978'.''


                     Short Title of 1977 Amendments

    Pub. L. 95-92, Sec. 1, Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 614, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting sections 2294, 2346b, 2372, and 2429a of this 
title, amending sections 2261, 2291a, 2312, 2321h to 2321j, 2346, 2346a, 
2347a, 2370, 2391, 2429, 2443, 2753, 2771, 2778, and 2792 of this title, 
and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 
2346, 2370, 2406, 2431, and 2751 of this title] may be cited as the 
`International Security Assistance Act of 1977'.''
    Section 1 of Pub. L. 95-88 provided that: ``This Act [enacting 
sections 2151o to 2151s, 2292k, and 2429b of this title and sections 
1712, 1713, 1714, and 1727 to 1727f of Title 7, Agriculture, amending 
this section and sections 2151a, 2151b, 2151c, 2151d, 2151g, 2151h, 
2151i, 2151k, 2151l, 2151m, 2151n, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2222, 
2225, 2292a, 2292h, 2357, 2370, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2399c, 2421, and 2427 
of this title, section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and 
Employees, and sections 1427, 1431, 1692, 1702, 1703, 1706, 1711, 1721, 
1722, 1723, 1726, 1731, and 1736b of Title 7, repealing section 2424 of 
this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section 
and sections 2151b, 2151i, 2174, 2357, and 2384 of this title and 
sections 1702, 1708, and 1722 of Title 7] may be cited as the 
`International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977'.''


                      Short Title of 1976 Amendment

    Pub. L. 94-329, Sec. 1, June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 729, provided: 
``That this Act [enacting sections 2292h, 2292i, 2321j, 2347, 2347a, 
2347b, 2371, 2394a, 2428, 2429, 2755, 2765, 2778, and 2779 of this 
title, amending sections 2183, 2222, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2292f, 2304, 
2312, 2314, 2318, 2321b, 2321h, 2321i, 2346a, 2370, 2382, 2383, 2384, 
2386, 2392, 2394, 2396, 2403, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2441, 2443, 2751, 2751 
note, 2752, 2753, 2761, 2762, 2763, 2771, 2776, 2791, 2792, and 2794 of 
this title, repealing sections 2321a, 2415 note, 2431, 2431 notes, 2432, 
2432 note, 2433, 2433 note, 2434, and 2435, and enacting provisions set 
out as notes under this section and sections 2291, 2292, 2314, 2321a, 
2321b, 2347, 2352, 2370, 2428, 2431, 2441, 2751, 2753, 2763, 2776, and 
2778 of this title] may be cited as the `International Security 
Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976'.''


                      Short Title of 1975 Amendment

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 94-161 provided: ``That this Act [redesignating 
as sections 2292c to 2292e former sections 2262, 2399-1a, and 2399-1b of 
this title, enacting sections 2151a-1, 2151d, 2151e, 2151n, 2220a to 
2220e, 2292 to 2292b, 2292f, and 2425 to 2427 of this title and sections 
1691a, 1711, 1726, and 1736f of Title 7, Agriculture, amending this 
section and sections 2151a, 2151b, 2151c, 2151h, 2151i, 2151k, 2169, 
2174, 2181 to 2183, 2221, 2222, 2225, 2293, 2357 and 2421 of this title 
and sections 1691, 1703, 1706, 1709, 1721, 1736, 1736a, and 1736b of 
Title 7, repealing sections 2151d, 2151e, 2201, 2292, and 2399 of this 
title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2220a of 
this title and as a note under section 1691a of Title 7] may be cited as 
the `International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975'.''


                     Short Title of 1974 Amendments

    Pub. L. 93-559, Sec. 1, Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1795, provided: 
``That this Act [enacting sections 2151m, 2175a, 2182a, 2225, 2293, 
2304, 2321h, 2321i, 2419 to 2424, 2435, and 2441 to 2443 of this title, 
amending sections 278, 2151a to 2151c, 2163, 2181, 2183, 2219a, 2222, 
2261, 2312, 2318, 2321b, 2321f, 2346a, 2360, 2364, 2370, 2394, 2399, 
2413, 2415, 2416, 2753, 2763, 2764, 2771, 2773, 2775, and 2776 of this 
title, repealing sections 2151j and 2200 of this title, enacting 
provisions set out as notes under sections 2166, 2175, 2311, 2370, 2399, 
2406, 2415, 2431 to 2433, 2551, and 2764 of this title, and repealing 
provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 
`Foreign Assistance Act of 1974'.''
    Pub. L. 93-390, Sec. 1, Aug. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 763, provided: 
``That this Act [amending sections 2191, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2199, 2200 
and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the `Overseas Private 
Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1974'.''
    Pub. L. 93-333, Sec. 1, July 8, 1974, 88 Stat. 290, provided: ``That 
this Act [enacting section 2292c of this title, amending section 2292d 
of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this 
section and section 2395 of this title] may be cited as the `Foreign 
Disaster Assistance Act of 1974'.''


                      Short Title of 1973 Amendment

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 93-189 provided: ``That this Act [enacting 
sections 2151a to 2151l, 2303, 2399-1a, 2399-1b, 2399c, 2399d, 2431 to 
2434 and 2794 of this title, amending this section and sections 285n, 
1934, 2163, 2171, 2174, 2181, 2183, 2195, 2199, 2200, 2212, 2219a, 2221, 
2222, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2321b, 2321f, 2346a, 
2367, 2370, 2385, 2394, and section 2397 of this title, repealing 
sections 2314a, 2319 to 2321, 2321e, 2321g, and 2346a, of this title, 
and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 
1942, 2163, 2220, 2415, and 2431 of this title] may be cited as the 
`Foreign Assistance Act of 1973'.''


                      Short Title of 1972 Amendment

    Pub. L. 92-226, Sec. 1, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 20, provided: ``That 
this Act [enacting sections 2180a, 2291, 2292, 2321d to 2321g, 2346 to 
2346b, and 2413 to 2418 of this title, amending sections 276, 290f, 
1476, 1928b, 2162, 2163, 2169, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2183, 2198, 2199, 2200, 
2212, 2219a, 2222, 2261, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2319, 2321b, 2370, 2384, 
2394, 2397, 2403, 2411, 2684, 2771, 2773, and 2791 of this title and 
section 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, 
repealing sections 2165 and 2241 to 2243 of this title, and enacting 
provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287e, 2411, 
2417, and 2680 of this title] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance 
Act of 1971'.''


                      Short Title of 1971 Amendment

    Pub. L. 91-652, Sec. 1, Jan. 5, 1971, 84 Stat. 1942, provided: 
``That this Act [enacting section 2411 of this title, amending sections 
2261 and 2242 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes 
under sections 2261, 2302, and 2411 of this title] may be cited as the 
`Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1971'.''


                      Short Title of 1969 Amendment

    Pub. L. 91-175, Sec. 1, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 805, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting sections 290f, 2179, 2180, 2194 to 2200a and 2321a 
of this title, amending sections 2162, 2163, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2183, 
2191 to 2193, 2212, 2219a, 2221, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2318, 2360, 
2362, 2370, 2384, 2394, 2396, 2397 and 2402 of this title, section 846 
of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 3343, 3581, 3582 and 
5314 to 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and 
enacting provision set out as a note under this section], may be cited 
as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 1969'.''


                      Short Title of 1968 Amendment

    Pub. L. 90-554, Sec. 1, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 960, provided: ``That 
this Act [enacting sections 2381a, 2399b, and 2410 of this title and 
section 617 of Title 16, Conservation, amending sections 2161, 2162, 
2171, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2184, 2212, 2218, 2219a, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 
2318-2320, 2354, 2357, 2370, 2381, 2385, 2396, and 2397 of this title, 
and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be 
cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 1968'.''


                      Short Title of 1967 Amendment

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 90-137 provided: ``That this Act [enacting 
sections 2167 to 2169, 2178, 2219, 2219a, 2220, 2224, 2243, 2302, 2341 
to 2345, and 2409 of this title, amending this section and sections 276, 
276c-1, 1928b to 1928d, 1934, 2161, 2162, 2165, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181 
to 2184, 2192, 2211, 2212, 2218, 2221, 2222, 2241, 2242, 2261, 2271, 
2301, 2302, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2318 to 2321, 2341 to 2345, 2351, 2358, 
2360, 2361, 2364, 2384 to 2386, 2389, 2392, 2394 to 2397, 2399a, and 
2403 of this title, repealing sections 2217b and 2317(a) of this title, 
and enacting provision set out as a note under section 2395 of this 
title] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 1967'.''


                      Short Title of 1966 Amendment

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 89-583 provided: ``That this Act [enacting 
sections 2217 to 2217b, 2218, 2281, and 2322 of this title and amending 
this section and sections 2161, 2162, 2165, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181, 
2182, 2184, 2211, 2212, 2221, 2222, 2241, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2314, 2316, 
2318, 2320, 2351, 2354, 2358, 2360, 2362, 2364, 2370, 2382, 2384, 2394, 
2395, and 2397 of this title] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance 
Act of 1966'.''


                      Short Title of 1965 Amendment

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 89-171 provided: ``That this Act [enacting 
sections 2166, 2399, 2399a and 2408 of this title, and amending this 
section and sections 2165, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2184, 2212, 2221, 2222, 
2242, 2261, 2311 to 2313, 2315 to 2320, 2355, 2362, 2363, 2370, 2382, 
2384 to 2386, 2390, 2391, 2395 to 2398, 2403, and 2404 of this title, 
section 1707 of Title 7, Agriculture, and provisions set out as a note 
under this section] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 
1965'.''


                      Short Title of 1964 Amendment

    Pub. L. 88-633, Sec. 1, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1009, provided: 
``That this Act [enacting sections 2177, 2321, and 2407 of this title, 
amending sections 276, 1754, 2161, 2172, 2174, 2176, 2181, 2184, 2192, 
2212, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2311, 2312, 2315, 2317, 2318, 2320, 2351, 2362, 
2370, 2385, 2386, and 2397 of this title, and enacting provisions set 
out as a note under this section] may be cited as the `Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1964'.''


                      Short Title of 1963 Amendment

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 88-205 provided that: ``This Act [enacting 
sections 816, 1138a, 2216, 2320, 2398, and 2684 of this title, amending 
sections 961, 1136, 1139, 1251, 1928a, 1943, 2161, 2162, 2172, 2174, 
2181, 2182, 2184, 2201, 2211 to 2213, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2313, 
2318, 2319, 2351, 2361, 2362, 2370, 2381, 2384, 2386, 2391, 2395 to 
2397, 2403, and 2404 of this title, sections 1701, 1705, 1706, and 1722 
of Title 7, Agriculture, and section 1861 of Title 19, Customs Duties, 
enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 1942 
of this title, and section 1706 of Title 7, and repealing provisions set 
out as notes under this section and section 2301 of this title], may be 
cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 1963'.''


                      Short Title of 1962 Amendment

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 87-565 provided: ``That this Act [enacting 
sections 2211 to 2213 of this title, amending this section and sections 
276, 2161, 2171, 2172, 2181, 2182, 2184, 2192, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2271, 
2314, 2315, 2318, 2360, 2361, 2368, 2370, 2381, 2384, 2385, 2389, 2394, 
2395, 2397, 2402 to 2404, 2452, and 2669 of this title, repealing 
section 2173 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under 
section 2452 of this title, and repealing Part IV of the Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 
1962'.''


                               Short Title

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 87-195, as added by Pub. L. 87-329, title I, 
Sec. 111, Sept. 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 719, provided: ``That this Act 
[enacting this chapter and sections 1613d and 1945 of this title, 
amending sections 276, 279a, 1041, 1112, 1136, 1148, 1157, 1754, 1783, 
1925, 1951 and 1964 of this title, section 1704 of Title 7, Agriculture, 
and sections 1651 and 1701 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, 
enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 
276, 1613d, and 1925 of this title, and repealing sections 1750, 1750a, 
1750b to 1753a, 1755 to 1759, 1760, 1761 to 1765, 1766a to 1766c, 1767a, 
1768, 1781, 1782, 1784 to 1795, 1797, 1811, 1812 to 1817, 1841, 1851, 
1852, 1854, 1870, 1871 to 1876, 1891 to 1896, 1897, 1920, 1921, 1923, 
1924, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1931, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1939 to 1940a, 1941, 
2051 to 2053, 2071 and 2072 of this title, Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 
1953, and provisions set out as notes under sections 1753, 1783, 1922, 
1928b, 1939 and 1951 of this title] may be cited as `The Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961'.''
    Section 101 of Pub. L. 87-195 which provided that this subchapter 
should be cited as the ``Act for International Development of 1961'' was 
repealed by section 101(b) of Pub. L. 88-205.
    Pub. L. 87-195, pt. V, Sec. 801, as added by Pub. L. 105-214, 
Sec. 1, July 29, 1998, 112 Stat. 885, provided that: ``This part [part V 
(Secs. 801-813) of Pub. L. 87-195, enacting subchapter IV of this 
chapter] may be cited as the `Tropical Forest Conservation Act of 
1998'.''


                                 Repeals

    Section 642 of Pub. L. 87-195, as amended by Pub. L. 89-171, pt. 
III, Sec. 303(a), Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 661, provided that:
    ``(a) There are hereby repealed--
        ``(1) Reorganization Plan Numbered 7 of 1953 [formerly set out 
    as a note under section 1785 of this title].
        ``(2) the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended [section 1750 
    et seq. of this title] (except sections 402, 405(a), 405(c), 405(d), 
    408, 414, 417, 451(c), 502(a), 502(b), 514, 523(d), and 536 
    [sections 1922, 1925(a), 1925(c), 1925(d), 1928, 1934, 1937, 
    1951(c), 1754(a), (b), 1766, 1783(d) and 1796 of this title]);
        ``(3) section 12 of the Mutual Security Act of 1955 [formerly 
    set out as a note under section 1811 of this title];
        ``(4) sections 12, 13, and 14 of the Mutual Security Act of 1956 
    [section 1870 of this title and notes formerly set out under 
    sections 1753 and 1939 of this title];
        ``(5) section 503 of the Mutual Security Act of 1958 [section 
    1750a of this title];
        ``(6) section 108 of the Mutual Security Appropriation Act, 1959 
    [formerly set out as a note under section 1922 of this title];
        ``(7) section 501(a), chapter VI, and sections 702 and 703 of 
    the Mutual Security Act of 1959, as amended [sections 1941, and 2051 
    to 2053 of this title and notes formerly set out under sections 
    1928b and 1951 of this title]; and
        ``(8) section 604 and chapter VII of the Mutual Security Act of 
    1960 [sections 2071 and 2072 of this title and note formerly set out 
    under section 1783 of this title].
    ``(b) References in law to the Acts, or provisions of such Acts, 
repealed by subsection (a) of this section shall hereafter be deemed to 
be references to this Act [see Short Title note for the Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961 above] or appropriate provisions of this Act.
    ``(c) The repeal of the Acts listed in subsection (a) of this 
section shall not be deemed to affect amendments contained in such Acts 
to Acts not named in that subsection.''

    United States Agency for International Development Deemed Agency 
         Primarily Responsible for Administering This Subchapter

    Any reference in this chapter to the agency primarily responsible 
for administering this subchapter, or to the Administrator of such 
agency, deemed reference to the United States Agency for International 
Development or to the Administrator of that agency, as appropriate, see 
section 1-200(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, 
as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.


                    Report on Relations With Vietnam

    Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXVIII, Sec. 2805, Oct. 
21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-846, as amended by Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, 
Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, Sec. 209(c)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 
Stat. 1536, 1501A-423, provided that: ``In order to provide Congress 
with the necessary information by which to evaluate the relationship 
between the United States and Vietnam, the Secretary of State shall 
submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees [Committee 
on International Relations of House of Representatives and Committee on 
Foreign Relations of Senate], not later than 90 days after the date of 
enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998] and every 180 days thereafter 
during the period ending September 30, 2001, on the extent to which--
        ``(1) the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is 
    cooperating with the United States in providing the fullest possible 
    accounting of all unresolved cases of prisoners of war (POWs) or 
    persons missing-in-action (MIAs) through the provision of records 
    and the unilateral and joint recovery and repatriation of American 
    remains;
        ``(2) the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has 
    made progress toward the release of all political and religious 
    prisoners, including Catholic, Protestant, and Buddhist clergy;
        ``(3) the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is 
    cooperating with requests by the United States to obtain full and 
    free access to persons of humanitarian interest to the United States 
    for interviews under the Orderly Departure (ODP) and Resettlement 
    Opportunities for Vietnamese Refugees (ROVR) programs, and in 
    providing exit visas for such persons;
        ``(4) the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has 
    taken vigorous action to end extortion, bribery, and other corrupt 
    practices in connection with such exit visas; and
        ``(5) the Government of the United States is making vigorous 
    efforts to interview and resettle former reeducation camp victims, 
    their immediate families including unmarried sons and daughters, 
    former United States Government employees, and other persons 
    eligible for the ODP program, and to give such persons the full 
    benefit of all applicable United States laws including sections 599D 
    and 599E of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related 
    Programs Appropriations Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-167) [8 U.S.C. 
    1157 note, 1255 note].''


                             Iraq Liberation

    Pub. L. 105-338, Oct. 31, 1998, 112 Stat. 3178, provided that:
``SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
    ``This Act may be cited as the `Iraq Liberation Act of 1998'.
``SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
    ``The Congress makes the following findings:
        ``(1) On September 22, 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, starting an 8 
    year war in which Iraq employed chemical weapons against Iranian 
    troops and ballistic missiles against Iranian cities.
        ``(2) In February 1988, Iraq forcibly relocated Kurdish 
    civilians from their home villages in the Anfal campaign, killing an 
    estimated 50,000 to 180,000 Kurds.
        ``(3) On March 16, 1988, Iraq used chemical weapons against 
    Iraqi Kurdish civilian opponents in the town of Halabja, killing an 
    estimated 5,000 Kurds and causing numerous birth defects that affect 
    the town today.
        ``(4) On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded and began a 7 month 
    occupation of Kuwait, killing and committing numerous abuses against 
    Kuwaiti civilians, and setting Kuwait's oil wells ablaze upon 
    retreat.
        ``(5) Hostilities in Operation Desert Storm ended on February 
    28, 1991, and Iraq subsequently accepted the ceasefire conditions 
    specified in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 (April 
    3, 1991) requiring Iraq, among other things, to disclose fully and 
    permit the dismantlement of its weapons of mass destruction programs 
    and submit to long-term monitoring and verification of such 
    dismantlement.
        ``(6) In April 1993, Iraq orchestrated a failed plot to 
    assassinate former President George Bush during his April 14-16, 
    1993, visit to Kuwait.
        ``(7) In October 1994, Iraq moved 80,000 troops to areas near 
    the border with Kuwait, posing an imminent threat of a renewed 
    invasion of or attack against Kuwait.
        ``(8) On August 31, 1996, Iraq suppressed many of its opponents 
    by helping one Kurdish faction capture Irbil, the seat of the 
    Kurdish regional government.
        ``(9) Since March 1996, Iraq has systematically sought to deny 
    weapons inspectors from the United Nations Special Commission on 
    Iraq (UNSCOM) access to key facilities and documents, has on several 
    occasions endangered the safe operation of UNSCOM helicopters 
    transporting UNSCOM personnel in Iraq, and has persisted in a 
    pattern of deception and concealment regarding the history of its 
    weapons of mass destruction programs.
        ``(10) On August 5, 1998, Iraq ceased all cooperation with 
    UNSCOM, and subsequently threatened to end long-term monitoring 
    activities by the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNSCOM.
        ``(11) On August 14, 1998, President Clinton signed Public Law 
    105-235 [112 Stat. 1538], which declared that `the Government of 
    Iraq is in material and unacceptable breach of its international 
    obligations' and urged the President `to take appropriate action, in 
    accordance with the Constitution and relevant laws of the United 
    States, to bring Iraq into compliance with its international 
    obligations.'.
        ``(12) On May 1, 1998, President Clinton signed Public Law 105-
    174 [see Tables for classification], which made $5,000,000 available 
    for assistance to the Iraqi democratic opposition for such 
    activities as organization, training, communication and 
    dissemination of information, developing and implementing agreements 
    among opposition groups, compiling information to support the 
    indictment of Iraqi officials for war crimes, and for related 
    purposes.
``SEC. 3. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS REGARDING UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD 
        IRAQ.
    ``It should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to 
remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq and to 
promote the emergence of a democratic government to replace that regime.
``SEC. 4. ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT A TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN IRAQ.
    ``(a) Authority To Provide Assistance.--The President may provide to 
the Iraqi democratic opposition organizations designated in accordance 
with section 5 the following assistance:
        ``(1) Broadcasting assistance.--(A) Grant assistance to such 
    organizations for radio and television broadcasting by such 
    organizations to Iraq.
        ``(B) There is authorized to be appropriated to the United 
    States Information Agency $2,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 to carry 
    out this paragraph.
        ``(2) Military assistance.--(A) The President is authorized to 
    direct the drawdown of defense articles from the stocks of the 
    Department of Defense, defense services of the Department of 
    Defense, and military education and training for such organizations.
        ``(B) The aggregate value (as defined in section 644(m) of the 
    Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2403(m)]) of assistance 
    provided under this paragraph may not exceed $97,000,000.
    ``(b) Humanitarian Assistance.--The Congress urges the President to 
use existing authorities under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 
U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] to provide humanitarian assistance to individuals 
living in areas of Iraq controlled by organizations designated in 
accordance with section 5, with emphasis on addressing the needs of 
individuals who have fled to such areas from areas under the control of 
the Saddam Hussein regime.
    ``(c) Restriction on Assistance.--No assistance under this section 
shall be provided to any group within an organization designated in 
accordance with section 5 which group is, at the time the assistance is 
to be provided, engaged in military cooperation with the Saddam Hussein 
regime.
    ``(d) Notification Requirement.--The President shall notify the 
congressional committees specified in section 634A of the Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2394-1] at least 15 days in advance of 
each obligation of assistance under this section in accordance with the 
procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 634A.
    ``(e) Reimbursement Relating to Military Assistance.--
        ``(1) In general.--Defense articles, defense services, and 
    military education and training provided under subsection (a)(2) 
    shall be made available without reimbursement to the Department of 
    Defense except to the extent that funds are appropriated pursuant to 
    paragraph (2).
        ``(2) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized to 
    be appropriated to the President for each of the fiscal years 1998 
    and 1999 such sums as may be necessary to reimburse the applicable 
    appropriation, fund, or account for the value (as defined in section 
    644(m) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2403(m)]) of 
    defense articles, defense services, or military education and 
    training provided under subsection (a)(2).
    ``(f) Availability of Funds.--(1) Amounts authorized to be 
appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until 
expended.
    ``(2) Amounts authorized to be appropriated under this section are 
in addition to amounts otherwise available for the purposes described in 
this section.
    ``(g) Authority To Provide Assistance.--Activities under this 
section (including activities of the nature described in subsection (b)) 
may be undertaken notwithstanding any other provision of law.
``SEC. 5. DESIGNATION OF IRAQI DEMOCRATIC OPPOSITION ORGANIZATION.
    ``(a) Initial Designation.--Not later than 90 days after the date of 
the enactment of this Act [Oct. 31, 1998], the President shall designate 
one or more Iraqi democratic opposition organizations that the President 
determines satisfy the criteria set forth in subsection (c) as eligible 
to receive assistance under section 4.
    ``(b) Designation of Additional Organizations.--At any time 
subsequent to the initial designation pursuant to subsection (a), the 
President may designate one or more additional Iraqi democratic 
opposition organizations that the President determines satisfy the 
criteria set forth in subsection (c) as eligible to receive assistance 
under section 4.
    ``(c) Criteria for Designation.--In designating an organization 
pursuant to this section, the President shall consider only 
organizations that--
        ``(1) include a broad spectrum of Iraqi individuals, groups, or 
    both, opposed to the Saddam Hussein regime; and
        ``(2) are committed to democratic values, to respect for human 
    rights, to peaceful relations with Iraq's neighbors, to maintaining 
    Iraq's territorial integrity, and to fostering cooperation among 
    democratic opponents of the Saddam Hussein regime.
    ``(d) Notification Requirement.--At least 15 days in advance of 
designating an Iraqi democratic opposition organization pursuant to this 
section, the President shall notify the congressional committees 
specified in section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 
U.S.C. 2394-1] of his proposed designation in accordance with the 
procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 634A.
``SEC. 6. WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL FOR IRAQ.
    ``Consistent with section 301 of the Foreign Relations Authorization 
Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (Public Law 102-138 [105 Stat. 707]), 
House Concurrent Resolution 137, 105th Congress (approved by the House 
of Representatives on November 13, 1997), and Senate Concurrent 
Resolution 78, 105th Congress (approved by the Senate on March 13, 
1998), the Congress urges the President to call upon the United Nations 
to establish an international criminal tribunal for the purpose of 
indicting, prosecuting, and imprisoning Saddam Hussein and other Iraqi 
officials who are responsible for crimes against humanity, genocide, and 
other criminal violations of international law.
``SEC. 7. ASSISTANCE FOR IRAQ UPON REPLACEMENT OF SADDAM HUSSEIN REGIME.
    ``It is the sense of the Congress that once the Saddam Hussein 
regime is removed from power in Iraq, the United States should support 
Iraq's transition to democracy by providing immediate and substantial 
humanitarian assistance to the Iraqi people, by providing democracy 
transition assistance to Iraqi parties and movements with democratic 
goals, and by convening Iraq's foreign creditors to develop a 
multilateral response to Iraq's foreign debt incurred by Saddam 
Hussein's regime.
``SEC. 8. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.
    ``Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize or otherwise 
speak to the use of United States Armed Forces (except as provided in 
section 4(a)(2)) in carrying out this Act.''

           Designations Under the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998

    Determination of President of the United States, No. 99-13, Feb. 4, 
1999, 64 F.R. 6781, provided:
    Memorandum for the Secretary of State
    Pursuant to the authority vested in me as President of the United 
States, including under section 5 of the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 
(Public Law 105-338) (the ``Act'') [set out in a note above], I hereby 
determine that each of the following groups is a democratic opposition 
organization and that each satisfies the criteria set forth in section 
5(c) of the Act: the Iraqi National Accord, the Iraqi National Congress, 
the Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Democratic Party, 
the Movement for Constitutional Monarchy, the Patriotic Union of 
Kurdistan, and the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq. I 
hereby designate each of these organizations as eligible to receive 
assistance under section 4 of the Act.
    You are authorized and directed to report this determination and 
designation to the Congress and arrange for its publication in the 
Federal Register.
                                                     William J. Clinton.


                        Assistance for Mauritania

    Pub. L. 104-319, title II, Sec. 202, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3866, 
provided that:
    ``(a) Prohibition.--The President should not provide economic 
assistance, military assistance or arms transfers to the Government of 
Mauritania unless the President certifies to the Congress that such 
Government has taken appropriate action to eliminate chattel slavery in 
Mauritania, including--
        ``(1) the enactment of anti-slavery laws that provide 
    appropriate punishment for violators of such laws; and
        ``(2) the rigorous enforcement of such laws.
    ``(b) Definitions.--For purposes of this section, the following 
definitions apply:
        ``(1) Economic assistance.--The term `economic assistance' means 
    any assistance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 
    (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), except that such term does not include 
    humanitarian assistance.
        ``(2) Military assistance or arms transfers.--The term `military 
    assistance or arms transfers' means--
            ``(A) assistance under chapter 2 of part II of the Foreign 
        Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2311 et seq.; relating to 
        military assistance), including the transfer of excess defense 
        articles under sections 516 through 519 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 
        2321j through 2321m);
            ``(B) assistance under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign 
        Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.; relating to 
        international military education and training);
            ``(C) assistance under the `Foreign Military Financing 
        Program' under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 
        U.S.C. 2763); or
            ``(D) the transfer of defense articles, defense services, or 
        design and construction services under the Arms Export Control 
        Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.), including defense articles and 
        defense services licensed or approved for export under section 
        38 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2778).''


                   Authority for Anticrime Assistance

    Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 106, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694, 
provided that:
    ``(a) Policy.--International criminal activities, including 
international narcotics trafficking, money laundering, smuggling, and 
corruption, endanger political and economic stability and democratic 
development, and assistance for the prevention and suppression of 
international criminal activities should be a priority for the United 
States.
    ``(b) Authority.--
        ``(1) In general.--For fiscal year 1995, the President is 
    authorized to furnish assistance to any country or international 
    organization, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for 
    the prevention and suppression of international criminal activities.
        ``(2) Waiver of prohibition of police training.--Section 660 of 
    the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2420) shall not apply 
    with respect to assistance furnished under paragraph (1).''
    [Functions of President under section 106 of Pub. L. 103-447, set 
out above, delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of 
the United States, Apr. 4, 1995, 60 F.R. 19153.]


                       African Conflict Resolution

    Pub. L. 103-381, Oct. 19, 1994, 108 Stat. 3513, provided that:
``SECTION. 1. SHORT TITLE.
    ``This Act may be cited as the `African Conflict Resolution Act'.
``SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY.
    ``(a) Findings.--The Congress makes the following findings:
        ``(1) It is in the national interest of the United States to 
    help build African capability in conflict resolution. A relatively 
    small investment of assistance in promoting African conflict 
    resolution--
            ``(A) would reduce the enormous human suffering which is 
        caused by wars in Africa;
            ``(B) would help the United States avoid huge future 
        expenditures necessitated by Somalia-like humanitarian 
        disasters; and
            ``(C) would reduce the need for United Nations intervention 
        as African institutions develop the ability to resolve African 
        conflicts.
        ``(2) Africa, to a greater extent than any other continent, is 
    afflicted by war. Africa has been marred by more than 20 major civil 
    wars since 1960. Rwanda, Somalia, Angola, Sudan, Liberia, and 
    Burundi are among those countries that have recently suffered 
    serious armed conflict.
        ``(3) In the last decade alone, between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 
    Africans have died because of war. There were 5,200,000 refugees and 
    13,100,000 displaced people in Africa in 1993.
        ``(4) Millions more Africans are currently at risk of war-
    related death. Looming or ongoing conflicts in Zaire, Angola, Sudan, 
    Rwanda, and other countries threaten Africa's future.
        ``(5) War has caused untold economic and social damage to the 
    countries of Africa. Food production is impossible in conflict 
    areas, and famine often results. Widespread conflict has condemned 
    many of Africa's children to lives of misery and, in certain cases, 
    has threatened the existence of traditional African cultures.
        ``(6) Conflict and instability in Africa, particularly in large, 
    potentially rich countries such as Angola, Sudan, and Zaire, deprive 
    the global economy of resources and opportunities for trade and 
    investment. Peace in these countries could make a significant 
    contribution to global economic growth, while creating new 
    opportunities for United States businesses.
        ``(7) Excessive military expenditures threaten political and 
    economic stability in Africa while diverting scarce resources from 
    development needs. Demobilization and other measures to reduce the 
    size of African armies, and civilian control of the military under 
    the rule of law are in the interest of international security and 
    economic development.
        ``(8) Conflict prevention, mediation, and demobilization are 
    prerequisites to the success of development assistance programs. 
    Nutrition and education programs, for example, cannot succeed in a 
    nation at war. Billions of dollars of development assistance have 
    been virtually wasted in war-ravaged countries such as Liberia, 
    Somalia, and Sudan.
        ``(9) Africans have a long tradition of informal mediation. This 
    tradition should be built upon to create effective institutions 
    through which Africans can resolve African conflicts.
        ``(10) The effectiveness of U.S. support for conflict resolution 
    programs requires coordination and collaboration with multilateral 
    institutions and other bilateral donors.
        ``(11) African institutions are playing an active role in 
    conflict resolution and mediation utilizing the experience of elder 
    statesmen. Groups such as the All African Council of Churches have 
    assisted in defusing conflicts. The Economic Community of West 
    African States (ECOWAS) has sought to address the conflict in 
    Liberia by deploying an African peacekeeping force. The Southern 
    African states have been working to prevent a crisis in Lesotho. The 
    Intergovernmental Authority on Desertification and Drought (IGADD) 
    has been engaged in attempting to resolve the conflict in Sudan.
        ``(12) The Organization of African Unity, under the leadership 
    of Secretary General Salim Salim, has established a conflict 
    resolution mechanism and has been active in mediation and conflict 
    resolution in several African countries.
    ``(b) United States Policy.--The Congress declares, therefore, that 
a key goal for United States foreign policy should be to help 
institutionalize conflict resolution capability in Africa.
``SEC. 3. IMPROVING THE CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF THE 
        ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY.
    ``(a) Authorization of Assistance.--The President is authorized to 
provide assistance to strengthen the conflict resolution capability of 
the Organization of African Unity, as follows:
        ``(1) Funds may be provided to the Organization of African Unity 
    for use in supporting its conflict resolution capability, including 
    providing technical assistance.
        ``(2) Funds may be used for expenses of sending individuals with 
    expertise in conflict resolution to work with the Organization of 
    African Unity.
    ``(b) Funding.--Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated 
for sub-Saharan Africa, not less than $1,500,000 for each of the fiscal 
years 1995 through 1998 should be used to carry out subsection (a).
``SEC. 4. IMPROVING CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF MULTILATERAL 
        SUBREGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN AFRICA.
    ``(a) Authorization of Assistance.--The President is authorized to 
provide assistance to strengthen the conflict resolution capabilities of 
subregional organizations established by countries in sub-Saharan 
Africa, as follows:
        ``(1) Funds may be provided to such organizations for use in 
    supporting their conflict resolution capability, including providing 
    technical assistance.
        ``(2) Funds may be used for the expenses of sending individuals 
    with expertise in conflict resolution to work with such 
    organizations.
    ``(b) Funding.--Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated 
for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the 
fiscal years 1995 through 1998 may be used to carry out subsection (a).
``SEC. 5. IMPROVING CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL 
        ORGANIZATIONS.
    ``(a) Authorization of Assistance.--The President is authorized to 
provide assistance to nongovernmental organizations that are engaged in 
mediation and reconciliation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa.
    ``(b) Funding.--Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated 
for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the 
fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used to carry out subsection (a).
``SEC. 6. AFRICAN DEMOBILIZATION AND RETRAINING PROGRAM.
    ``(a) Authorization of Assistance.--In order to facilitate 
reductions in the size of the armed forces of countries of sub-Saharan 
Africa, the President is authorized to--
        ``(1) provide assistance for the encampment and related 
    activities for the purpose of demobilization of such forces; and
        ``(2) provide assistance for the reintegration of demobilized 
    military personnel into civilian society through activities such as 
    retraining for civilian occupations, creation of income-generating 
    opportunities, their reintegration into agricultural activities, and 
    the transportation to the home areas of such personnel.
    ``(b) Funding.--Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated 
for sub-Saharan Africa, $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1995 
and 1996 should be used for the assistance described in subsection (a), 
if conditions permit.
    ``(c) Civilian Involvement.--The President is also authorized to 
promote civilian involvement in the planning and organization of 
demobilization and reintegration activities.
``SEC. 7. TRAINING FOR AFRICANS IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND PEACEKEEPING.
    ``(a) Authorization.--The President is authorized to establish a 
program to provide education and training in conflict resolution and 
peacekeeping for civilian and military personnel of countries in sub-
Saharan Africa.
    ``(b) Funding.--Of the funds made available under chapter 5 of part 
II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.], such 
sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 
should be used for the purposes of subsection (a).
``SEC. 8. PLAN FOR UNITED STATES SUPPORT FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND 
        DEMOBILIZATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.
    ``(a) In General.--Pursuant to the provisions of sections 3 through 
7, the President should develop an integrated long-term plan, which 
incorporates local perspectives, to provide support for the enhancement 
of conflict resolution capabilities and demobilization activities in 
sub-Saharan Africa.
    ``(b) Contents of Plan.--Such plan should include:
        ``(1) The type, purpose, amount, and duration of assistance that 
    is planned to be provided to conflict resolution units in sub-
    Saharan Africa.
        ``(2) The type and amount of assistance that is planned to be 
    provided for the demobilization of military personnel of countries 
    of sub-Saharan Africa, including--
            ``(A) a list of which countries will receive such assistance 
        and an explanation of why such countries were chosen for such 
        assistance; and
            ``(B) a list of other countries and international 
        organizations that are providing assistance for such 
        demobilization.
        ``(3) The type and amount of assistance that is planned to be 
    provided to nongovernmental organizations that are engaged in 
    mediation and reconciliation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa.
        ``(4) A description of proposed training programs for Africans 
    in conflict resolution and peacekeeping under section 7, including a 
    list of prospective participants and plans to expand such programs.
        ``(5) The mechanisms to be used to coordinate interagency 
    efforts to administer the plan.
        ``(6) Efforts to seek the participation of other countries and 
    international organizations to achieve the objectives of the plan.
    ``(c) Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1994], the President shall submit to the 
appropriate congressional committees a report containing a description 
of the plan developed under this section.
``SEC. 9. REPORTING REQUIREMENT.
    ``(a) Requirement.--The President shall submit to the appropriate 
congressional committees a report describing the efforts and progress 
made in carrying out the provisions of this Act.
    ``(b) Date of Submission.--The first report submitted under 
subsection (a) shall be submitted no later than 180 days after the date 
of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1994], and shall be submitted 
annually thereafter.
``SEC. 10. CONSULTATION REQUIREMENT.
    ``The President shall consult with the appropriate congressional 
committees prior to providing assistance under sections 3 through 7.
``SEC. 11. APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DEFINED.
    ``For purposes of this Act, the term `appropriate congressional 
committees' means the Committee on Foreign Affairs [now Committee on 
International Relations] and the Committee on Appropriations of the 
House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the 
Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.''
    [Functions of President under sections 8 and 9 of Pub. L. 103-381, 
set out above, delegated to Administrator of the Agency for 
International Development by Memorandum of President of the United 
States, June 6, 1995, 60 F.R. 30771.]


    Waiver of Restrictions for Narcotics-Related Economic Assistance

    Pub. L. 104-164, title I, Sec. 133, July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1430, 
provided that: ``For each of the fiscal years 1996 and 1997, narcotics-
related assistance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 
(22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) may be provided notwithstanding any other 
provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries (other 
than section 490(e) or section 502B of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2291j(e) and 
2304)) if, at least 15 days before obligating funds for such assistance, 
the President notifies the appropriate congressional committees (as 
defined in section 481(e) of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2291(e))) in accordance 
with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under 
section 634A of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2394-1).''


                           Similar Provisions

    Similar provisions were contained in the following prior acts:
    Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 105, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694.
    Pub. L. 102-583, Sec. 8, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4933, prior to 
repeal by Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 
4693.


``Appropriate Congressional Committees'' Defined for Purposes of Pub. L. 
                                 102-583

    Pub. L. 102-583, Sec. 11(b), Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4935, provided 
that as used in Pub. L. 102-583, the term ``appropriate congressional 
committees'' had the definition given that term by section 481(e)(6) of 
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2291(e)(6)), prior to 
repeal by Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 
4693.


                  Impact on Employment in United States

    Pub. L. 102-549, title VIII, Sec. 801, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 
3671, provided that: ``No funds made available to carry out any 
provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1992 Amendments note above] or 
the amendments made by this Act may be obligated or expended for any 
financial incentive to a business enterprise currently located in the 
United States for the purpose of inducing such an enterprise to relocate 
outside the United States, if such incentive or inducement is likely to 
reduce the number of employees in the United States because United 
States production is being replaced by such enterprise outside the 
United States.''


                Internationally Recognized Worker Rights

    Pub. L. 102-549, title VIII, Sec. 802, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 
3671, provided that: ``No funds made available to carry out any 
provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1992 Amendments note above] or 
the amendments made by this Act may be obligated or expended for any 
project or activity that contributes to the violation of internationally 
recognized workers rights, as defined in section 502(a)(4) of the Trade 
Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2462(a)(4)], of workers in the recipient country, 
including any designated zone in that country.''


                Horn of Africa Recovery and Food Security

    Pub. L. 102-274, Apr. 21, 1992, 106 Stat. 115, known as the Horn of 
Africa Recovery and Food Security Act, provided findings of Congress 
concerning the Horn of Africa (the region comprised of Ethiopia, 
Somalia, Sudan, and Djibouti), stated policy regarding individual 
countries, authorized a relief and rehabilitation program, provided for 
a peace initiative and a food security and recovery strategy, prohibited 
security assistance to Ethiopia, Somalia, or Sudan for fiscal year 1992 
or 1993 absent a certification by the President, required the President 
to submit a report to Congress on the efforts and progress in carrying 
out Pub. L. 102-274 not later than 180 days after Apr. 21, 1992, and 
required additional reports.


                        Peace Process in Liberia

    Pub. L. 102-270, Apr. 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 106, as amended by Pub. L. 
104-107, title V, Sec. 573(a), Feb. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 749, provided: 
That (a) the Congress--
        ``(1) strongly supports the peace process for Liberia initiated 
    by the Yamoussoukro peace accord;
        ``(2) urges all parties to abide by the terms of the 
    Yamoussoukro agreement;
        ``(3) commends and congratulates the governments of the Economic 
    Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their leadership in 
    seeking peace in Liberia; and
        ``(4) extends particularly praise to President Babangida of 
    Nigeria, President Houphouet-Boigny of Cote d'Ivoire, and President 
    Diouf of Senegal for their efforts to resolve this conflict.
    ``(b) Authorization of Limited Assistance.--The President is 
authorized to provide--
        ``(1) nonpartisan election and democracy-building assistance to 
    support democratic institutions in Liberia, and
        ``(2) assistance for the resettlement of refugees, the 
    demobilization and retraining of troops, and the provision of other 
    appropriate assistance:
Provided, That the President determines and so certifies to the 
Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of 
the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs [now Committee on 
International Relations] and the Committee on Appropriations of the 
House of Representatives that Liberia has made significant progress 
toward democratization and that the provision of such assistance will 
assist that country in making further progress and is otherwise in the 
national interest of the United States. A separate determination and 
certification shall be required for each fiscal year in which such 
assistance is to be provided.''


 Suspension of Certain Programs and Activities Relating to the People's 
                            Republic of China

    Pub. L. 101-246, title IX, Sec. 902, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 83, as 
amended by Pub. L. 102-549, title II, Sec. 202(e), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 
Stat. 3658, provided that:
    ``(a) Suspensions.--
        ``(1) Overseas private investment corporation.--The Overseas 
    Private Investment Corporation shall continue to suspend the 
    issuance of any new insurance, reinsurance, guarantees, financing, 
    or other financial support with respect to the People's Republic of 
    China, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) 
    or (2) of this section.
        ``(2) Trade and development agency.--The President shall suspend 
    the obligation of funds under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 
    [see Short Title note above] for any new activities of the Trade and 
    Development Agency with respect to the People's Republic of China, 
    unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) 
    of this section.
        ``(3) Munitions export licenses.--(A) The issuance of licenses 
    under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2778] for 
    the export to the People's Republic of China of any defense article 
    on the United States Munitions List, including helicopters and 
    helicopter parts, shall continue to be suspended, subject to 
    subparagraph (B), unless the President makes a report under 
    subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
        ``(B) The suspension set forth in subparagraph (A) shall not 
    apply to systems and components designed specifically for inclusion 
    in civil products and controlled as defense articles only for 
    purposes of export to a controlled country, unless the President 
    determines that the intended recipient of such items is the military 
    or security forces of the People's Republic of China.
        ``(4) Crime control and detection instruments and equipment.--
    The issuance of any license under section 6(k) of the Export 
    Administration Act of 1979 [50 App. U.S.C. 2405(k)] for the export 
    to the People's Republic of China of any crime control or detection 
    instruments or equipment shall be suspended, unless the President 
    makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
        ``(5) Export of satellites for launch by the people's republic 
    of china.--Exports of any satellite of United States origin that is 
    intended for launch from a launch vehicle owned by the People's 
    Republic of China shall remain suspended, unless the President makes 
    a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
        ``(6) Nuclear cooperation with the people's republic of china.--
    (A) Any--
            ``(i) application for a license under the Export 
        Administration Act of 1979 [50 App. U.S.C. 2401 et seq.] for the 
        export to the People's Republic of China for use in a nuclear 
        production or utilization facility of any goods or technology 
        which, as determined under section 309(c) of the Nuclear Non-
        Proliferation Act of 1978 [42 U.S.C. 2139a(c)], could be of 
        significance for nuclear explosive purposes, or which, in the 
        judgment of the President, is likely to be diverted for use in 
        such a facility, for any nuclear explosive device, or for 
        research on or development of any nuclear explosive device, 
        shall be suspended,
            ``(ii) application for a license for the export to the 
        People's Republic of China of any nuclear material, facilities, 
        or components subject to the Agreement shall be suspended,
            ``(iii) approval for the transfer or retransfer to the 
        People's Republic of China of any nuclear material, facilities, 
        or components subject to the Agreement shall not be given, and
            ``(iv) specific authorization for assistance in any 
        activities with respect to the People's Republic of China 
        relating to the use of nuclear energy under section 57b.(2) of 
        the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 [42 U.S.C. 2077(b)(2)] shall not 
        be given,
    until the conditions specified in subparagraph (B) are met.
        ``(B) Subparagraph (A) applies until--
            ``(i) the President certifies to the Congress that the 
        People's Republic of China has provided clear and unequivocal 
        assurances to the United States that it is not assisting and 
        will not assist any nonnuclear-weapon state, either directly or 
        indirectly, in acquiring nuclear explosive devices or the 
        materials and components for such devices;
            ``(ii) the President makes the certifications and submits 
        the report required by Public Law 99-183 [Dec. 16, 1985, 99 
        Stat. 1174]; and
            ``(iii) the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) 
        or (2) of this section.
        ``(C) For purposes of this paragraph, the term `Agreement' means 
    the Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the United 
    States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of 
    China Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (done on July 23, 
    1985).
        ``(7) Liberalization of export controls.--(A) The President 
    shall negotiate with the governments participating in the group 
    known as the Coordinating Committee (COCOM) to suspend, on a 
    multilateral basis, any liberalization by the Coordinating Committee 
    of controls on exports of goods and technology to the People's 
    Republic of China under section 5 of the Export Administration Act 
    of 1979 [50 App. U.S.C. 2404], including--
            ``(i) the implementation of bulk licenses for exports to the 
        People's Republic of China; and
            ``(ii) the raising of the performance levels of goods or 
        technology below which no authority or permission to export to 
        the People's Republic of China would be required.
        ``(B) The President shall oppose any liberalization by the 
    Coordinating Committee of controls which is described in 
    subparagraph (A)(ii), until the end of the 6-month period beginning 
    on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990] or until the 
    President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this 
    section, whichever occurs first.
    ``(b) Termination of Suspensions.--A report referred to in 
subsection (a) is a report by the President to the Congress either--
        ``(1) that the Government of the People's Republic of China has 
    made progress on a program of political reform throughout the 
    country, including Tibet, which includes--
            ``(A) lifting of martial law;
            ``(B) halting of executions and other reprisals against 
        individuals for the nonviolent expression of their political 
        beliefs;
            ``(C) release of political prisoners;
            ``(D) increased respect for internationally recognized human 
        rights, including freedom of expression, the press, assembly, 
        and association; and
            ``(E) permitting a freer flow of information, including an 
        end to the jamming of Voice of America and greater access for 
        foreign journalists; or
        ``(2) that it is in the national interest of the United States 
    to terminate a suspension under subsection (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), or 
    (5), to terminate a suspension or disapproval under subsection 
    (a)(6), or to terminate the opposition required by subsection 
    (a)(7), as the case may be.
    ``(c) Reporting Requirement.--Sixty days after the date of enactment 
of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990], the President shall submit to the Congress 
a report on--
        ``(1) any steps taken by the Government of China to achieve the 
    objectives described in subsection (b)(1);
        ``(2) the effect of multilateral sanctions on political and 
    economic developments in China and on China's international economic 
    relations;
        ``(3) the impact of the President's actions described in section 
    901(a)(9) [Pub. L. 101-246, title IX, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 80] 
    and of the suspensions under subsection (a) of this section on--
            ``(A) political and economic developments in China;
            ``(B) the standard of living of the Chinese people;
            ``(C) relations between the United States and China; and
            ``(D) the actions taken by China to promote a settlement in 
        Cambodia which will ensure Cambodian independence, facilitate an 
        act of self-determination by the Cambodian people, and prevent 
        the Khmer Rouge from returning to exclusive power;
        ``(4) the status of programs and activities suspended under 
    subsection (a); and
        ``(5) the additional measures taken by the President under 
    section 901(c) if repression in China deepens.''
    [Certification of President under section 902(a)(6)(B)(i) of Pub. L. 
101-246, set out above, provided in Determination of President of the 
United States, No. 98-10, Jan. 12, 1998, 63 F.R. 3447.]


          Limitation on Assistance to Panamanian Defense Force

    Pub. L. 100-456, div. A, title XIII, Sec. 1302, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 
Stat. 2060, provided that:
    ``(a) Limitation.--The President may not use any funds appropriated 
to or for the use of any department, agency, or other entity of the 
United States for the purpose of providing assistance to the Panamanian 
Defense Force. The limitation in the preceding sentence shall cease to 
apply upon the submission by the President to Congress of a 
certification by the President--
        ``(1) that no armed forces of the Soviet Union, the Republic of 
    Cuba, or the Republic of Nicaragua are present in the Republic of 
    Panama (other than military attaches accredited to the Republic of 
    Panama); and
        ``(2) that General Manuel Noriega has relinquished command of 
    the Panamanian Defense Force and no longer holds any official 
    position of leadership (either military or civilian) in the Republic 
    of Panama.
    ``(b) Clarification.--Subsection (a) does not prohibit the President 
from obligating or expending any funds necessary for--
        ``(1) the defense of the Panama Canal,
        ``(2) the collection of intelligence,
        ``(3) the maintenance of United States Armed Forces in the 
    Republic of Panama, or
        ``(4) the protection of United States interests in the Republic 
    of Panama.
    ``(c) Report.--Not later than 30 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act [Sept. 29, 1988], the President shall submit to 
Congress a detailed report, in both classified and unclassified form, 
indicating--
        ``(1) whether (and to what extent) military, paramilitary, or 
    intelligence personnel of the Soviet Union, Cuba, or Nicaragua are 
    present in the Republic of Panama; and
        ``(2) whether (and to what extent) the Panamanian Defense Force 
    has coordinated with, cooperated with, supported, or received 
    support from, any such personnel.''


   Codification of Policy Prohibiting Negotiations With the Palestine 
                         Liberation Organization

    Pub. L. 99-83, title XIII, Sec. 1302, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 280, as 
amended by Pub. L. 101-246, title I, Sec. 108, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 
21, provided that:
    ``(a) United States Policy.--The United States in 1975 declared in a 
memorandum of agreement with Israel, and has reaffirmed since, that `The 
United States will continue to adhere to its present policy with respect 
to the Palestine Liberation Organization, whereby it will not recognize 
or negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization so long as the 
Palestine Liberation Organization does not recognize Israel's right to 
exist and does not accept Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338.'.
    ``(b) Reaffirmation and Codification of Policy.--The United States 
hereby reaffirms that policy. In accordance with that policy, no officer 
or employee of the United States Government and no agent or other 
individual acting on behalf of the United States Government shall 
negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization or any 
representatives thereof (except in emergency or humanitarian situations) 
unless and until the Palestine Liberation Organization recognizes 
Israel's right to exist, accepts United Nations Security Council 
Resolutions 242 and 338, and renounces the use of terrorism, except that 
no funds authorized to be appropriated by this or any other Act may be 
obligated or made available for the conduct of the current dialogue on 
the Middle East peace process with any representative of the Palestine 
Liberation Organization if the President knows and advises the Congress 
that that representative directly participated in the planning or 
execution of a particular terrorist activity which resulted in the death 
or kidnapping of a United States citizen.''


  Obligation or Expenditure of Funds for Planning, etc., Mining of the 
                Ports or Territorial Waters of Nicaragua

    Pub. L. 98-369, div. B, title IX, Sec. 2907, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 
1210, provided that: ``It is the sense of the Congress that no funds 
heretofore or hereafter appropriated in any Act of Congress shall be 
obligated or expended for the purpose of planning, directing, executing, 
or supporting the mining of the ports or territorial waters of 
Nicaragua.''


    Prohibition on Certain Assistance to the Khmer Rouge in Kampuchea

    Pub. L. 98-164, title X, Sec. 1005, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1058, 
provided that:
    ``(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated by this Act or any other Act may be 
obligated or expended for the purpose or with the effect of promoting, 
sustaining, or augmenting, directly or indirectly, the capacity of the 
Khmer Rouge or any of its members to conduct military or paramilitary 
operations in Kampuchea or elsewhere in Indochina.
    ``(b) All funds appropriated before the date of enactment of this 
section [Nov. 22, 1983] which were obligated but not expended for 
activities having the purpose or effect described in subsection (a) 
shall be deobligated and shall be deposited in the Treasury of the 
United States as miscellaneous receipts.
    ``(c) This section shall not be construed as limiting the provision 
of food, medicine, or other humanitarian assistance to the Kampuchean 
people.''


 Termination of Nonrecurring Activities Under Foreign Assistance Act of 
                        1961 and Removal From Law

    Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, Sec. 734(c), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 
1561, provided that: ``Except as otherwise explicitly provided by their 
terms, amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [see Short Title 
note above] and the Arms Export Control Act [see Short Title note set 
out under section 2751 of this title] which are applicable only to a 
single fiscal or calendar year or which require reports or other actions 
on a nonrecurring basis shall be deemed to have expired and shall be 
removed from law upon the expiration of the applicable time periods for 
the fulfillment of the required actions.''


                          Assistance for Panama

    Pub. L. 101-167, title V, Sec. 561, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1239, 
provided that:
    ``(a) Unless the President certifies to Congress that--
        ``(1) the Government of Panama has demonstrated substantial 
    progress in assuring civilian control of the armed forces and that 
    the Panama Defense Forces and its leaders have been removed from 
    nonmilitary activities and institutions;
        ``(2) an impartial investigation into allegations of illegal 
    actions by members of the Panama Defense Force is being conducted;
        ``(3) a satisfactory agreement has been reached between the 
    governing authorities and representatives of the opposition forces 
    on conditions for free and fair elections; and
        ``(4) freedom of the press and other constitutional guarantees, 
    including due process of law, are being restored to the Panamanian 
    people;
then no United States assistance (including any such assistance 
appropriated and previously obligated) shall be obligated or expended 
for programs, projects, or activities which assist or lend support for 
the Noriega regime, or ministries of government under the control of the 
Noriega regime, or any successor regime that does not meet the criteria 
specified in subsection (a) of this section in this fiscal year and any 
fiscal year thereafter, and none of the funds appropriated or otherwise 
made available in this Act, or any other Act, shall be used to finance 
any participation of the United States in joint military exercises 
conducted in Panama during the fiscal year 1990.
    ``(b) It is the sense of the Congress that if the conditions 
described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (a) have been 
certified as having been met, then not only will United States 
assistance be restored, but increased levels of such assistance should 
be considered for Panama.
    ``(c) For purposes of this section, the term `United States 
assistance' means assistance of any kind which is provided by grant, 
sale, loan, lease, credit, guaranty, or insurance, or by any other 
means, by any agency or instrumentality of the United States Government, 
including--
        ``(1) assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [see 
    Short Title note above] (including programs under title IV of 
    chapter 2 of part I of such Act [22 U.S.C. 2191 et seq.]);
        ``(2) sales, credits, and guarantees under the Arms Export 
    Control Act [see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this 
    title];
        ``(3) sales under title I [7 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.] or III [7 
    U.S.C. 1727 et seq.] and donations under title II [7 U.S.C. 1721 et 
    seq.] of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 
    1954 of nonfood commodities;
        ``(4) other financing programs of the Commodity Credit 
    Corporation for export sales of nonfood commodities;
        ``(5) financing under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [12 
    U.S.C. 635 et seq.]; and
        ``(6) assistance provided by the Central Intelligence Agency or 
    assistance provided by any other entity or component of the United 
    States Government if such assistance is carried out in connection 
    with, or for purposes of conducting, intelligence or intelligence-
    related activities except that this shall not include activities 
    undertaken solely to collect necessary intelligence;
except that the term `United States assistance' does not include (A) 
assistance under chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 
1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] insofar as such assistance is provided 
through private and voluntary organizations or other nongovernmental 
agencies, (B) assistance which involves the donations of food or 
medicine, (C) disaster relief assistance (including any assistance under 
chapter 9 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 
2292 et seq.]), (D) assistance for refugees, (E) assistance under the 
Inter-American Foundation Act [22 U.S.C. 290f], (F) assistance necessary 
for the purpose of continuing participant training programs (including 
scholarships) already being supported as of the date of any prohibition 
of assistance otherwise applicable to Panama, or (G) assistance made 
available for termination costs arising from the requirements of this 
section.
    ``(d) The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States 
Executive Directors to the International Financial Institutions (the 
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International 
Finance Corporation, and the Inter-American Development Bank) to vote 
against any loan to Panama, unless the President has certified in 
advance that the conditions set forth in subsection (a) of this section 
have been met.''
    Similar provisions were contained in the following prior 
appropriation acts:
    Pub. L. 100-461, title V, Sec. 564, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268-40.
    Pub. L. 100-202, Sec. 101(e) [title V, Sec. 570], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 
Stat. 1329-131, 1329-174.
    Pub. L. 96-92, Sec. 28, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 711. [Repealed by 
Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, Sec. 734(a)(11), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 
1560.]


       Final Accounting of Americans Missing in Action in Vietnam

    Pub. L. 95-426, title VII, Sec. 705, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 992, as 
amended by Pub. L. 97-241, title V, Sec. 505(a)(2), (b)(2), Aug. 24, 
1982, 96 Stat. 299, provided that: ``The President shall continue to 
take all possible steps to obtain a final accounting of all Americans 
missing in action in Vietnam.'' Similar provisions were contained in the 
following acts:
    Pub. L. 95-105, title V, Sec. 505, Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 858, as 
amended by Pub. L. 97-241, title V, Sec. 505(a)(3), (b)(2), Aug. 24, 
1982, 96 Stat. 299.
    Pub. L. 95-88, title I, Sec. 132, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 544, as 
amended by Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, Sec. 734(a)(6), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 
Stat. 1560.


Plan for Increased Minority Business Participation in Foreign Assistance 
      Activities; Minority Resource Center Section as Implementing 
         Administrative Unit; Functions, Duties, Etc., of Center

    Section 133 of Pub. L. 95-88, as amended by Pub. L. 96-53, title I, 
Sec. 123, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, 
Sec. 734(a)(6), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560, provided that:
    ``(a) The Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for 
administering part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [this 
subchapter] shall prepare and transmit to the Congress, not later than 
30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 3, 1977], a 
detailed plan for the establishment of a section on minority business 
within such agency.
    ``(b) Such plan shall include, but shall not be limited to--
        ``(1) a description of where the section on minority business 
    will be located in such agency's organizational structure and what 
    relevant lines of authority will be established;
        ``(2) a listing of the specific responsibilities that will be 
    assigned to the section on minority business to enable it to 
    increase, in a rational and effective manner, participation of 
    minority business enterprises in activities funded by such agency;
        ``(3) a design for a time-phase system for bringing about 
    expanded minority business enterprise participation, including 
    specific recommendations for percentage allocations of contracts by 
    such agency to minority business enterprises;
        ``(4) a proposed reporting system that will permit objective 
    measuring of the degree of participation of minority business 
    enterprises in comparison to the total activities funded by such 
    agency;
        ``(5) a detailed projection of the administrative budgetary 
    impact of the establishment of the section on minority business; and
        ``(6) a detailed set of objective criteria upon which 
    determinations will be made as to the qualifications of minority 
    business enterprises to receive contracts funded by such agency.
    ``(c)(1) Upon the enactment of the International Development 
Cooperation Act of 1979 [Aug. 14, 1979], the section on minority 
business established pursuant to subsection (a) shall be redesignated as 
the Minority Resource Center (hereafter in this section referred to as 
the `Center') which shall be responsible for increasing the 
participation of economically and socially disadvantaged business 
enterprises in contract, procurement, grant, and research and 
development activities funded by the agency primarily responsible for 
administering part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [this 
subchapter] (hereafter in this section referred to as the `agency').
    ``(2) The Center shall--
        ``(A) establish, maintain, and disseminate information to, and 
    otherwise serve as an information clearinghouse for, economically 
    and socially disadvantaged business enterprises regarding business 
    opportunities in development assistance programs funded by the 
    agency;
        ``(B) design and conduct programs to encourage, promote, and 
    assist economically and socially disadvantaged business enterprises 
    to secure direct contracts, host country contracts, operation 
    expatriate contracts, indefinite quantity contracts, subcontracts, 
    projects, grants, and research and development contracts in order 
    for such enterprises to participate in such development assistance 
    programs;
        ``(C) conduct market research, planning, economic and business 
    analyses, and feasibility studies to identify business opportunities 
    in such development assistance programs;
        ``(D) develop support mechanisms which will enable socially and 
    economically disadvantaged businesses to take advantage of business 
    opportunities in such development assistance programs; and
        ``(E) enter into such contracts (to such extent or in such 
    amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts), cooperative 
    agreements, or other transactions as may be necessary in the conduct 
    of its functions under this section.
    ``(3) The Administrator of the agency and the Secretary of State 
shall provide the Center with such relevant information, including 
procurement schedules, bids, and specifications with respect to 
development assistance programs funded by the agency, as may be 
requested by the Center in connection with the performance of its 
functions under this section.
    ``(4) There shall be a Director of the Center who shall be the chief 
executive officer of the Center. The Director shall be appointed by the 
Administrator of the agency.
    ``(5)(A) For the purposes of this section, the term `economically 
and socially disadvantaged enterprise' means a business--
        ``(i) which is at least 51 percent owned by one or more socially 
    and economically disadvantaged individuals or, in the case of a 
    publicly owned business, at least 51 percent of the stock of which 
    is owned by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged 
    individuals; and
        ``(ii) whose management and daily business operations are 
    controlled by one or more such individuals.
    ``(B) Socially disadvantaged individuals are those who have been 
subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice or cultural bias because of 
their identity as a member of a group without regard to their individual 
qualities.
    ``(C) Economically disadvantaged individuals are those socially 
disadvantaged individuals whose ability to compete in the free 
enterprise system has been impaired due to diminished capital and credit 
opportunities as compared to others in the same business area who are 
not socially disadvantaged. In determining the degree of diminished 
credit and capital opportunities, the Administrator of the agency shall 
consider, but not be limited to, the assets and net worth of the 
socially disadvantaged individual.
    ``(6) [Repealed. Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, Sec. 734(a)(6), Dec. 29, 
1981, 95 Stat. 1560.]
    ``(7) Of the funds available to the agency for operating expenses, 
up to $950,000 for fiscal year 1980 may be allocated to the Center to 
carry out its functions under this section.
    ``(8) If the Administrator of the agency determines that such a 
consolidation would significantly further the purposes of this section 
and would eliminate unnecessary duplication of activity, the 
Administrator may consolidate the Center with the Office of Small and 
Disadvantaged Business Utilization established in the agency by section 
15(k) of the Small Business Act [section 644(k) of Title 15, Commerce 
and Trade]. Any such consolidation shall ensure that all the functions 
specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection continue to be carried 
out. Before implementing any such consolidation, the Administrator shall 
submit to the Congress a detailed report setting forth the reasons for 
the proposed consolidation.''
    [Amendment by Pub. L. 96-53 (adding subsec. (c) to section 133 of 
Pub. L. 95-88) effective Aug. 14, 1979, see section 512(b) of Pub. L. 
96-53, set out as an Effective Date of 1979 Amendment note above.]


                    Use of Accrued Foreign Currencies

    Section 40 of Pub. L. 93-189 provided that: ``Effective July 1, 
1974, no amount of any foreign currency (including principal and 
interest from loan repayments) which accrues in connection with any sale 
for foreign currency under any provision of law may be used under any 
agreement entered into after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 
17, 1973], or any revision or extension entered into after such date of 
any prior or subsequent agreement, to provide any assistance to any 
foreign country to procure equipment, materials, facilities, or services 
for the common defense, including internal security, unless such 
agreement is specifically authorized by legislation enacted after such 
date.''


                    Religious Freedom and Persecution

    Pub. L. 88-633, pt. V, Sec. 501, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1015, 
provided that: ``It is the sense of the Congress that the United States 
deeply believes in the freedom of religion for all people and is opposed 
to infringement of this freedom anywhere in the world. The Congress 
condemns the persecution of any persons because of their religion. It is 
further the sense of Congress that all persons should be permitted the 
free exercise of religion and the pursuit of their culture.''


                        Communist Regime in China

    Pub. L. 91-194, title I, Sec. 105, Feb. 9, 1970, 84 Stat. 7, related 
to Congressional opposition to the seating in the United Nations of the 
Communist regime in China as the representative of China, and requested 
the President, in the event of the seating of representatives of the 
Chinese Communist regime in the Security Council or the General Assembly 
of the United Nations, to inform the Congress of the implications of the 
seating upon the foreign policy of the United States. Similar provisions 
were contained in the following prior acts:
    Oct. 17, 1968, Pub. L. 90-581, title I, Sec. 105, 82 Stat. 1139.
    Jan. 2, 1968, Pub. L. 90-249, title I, Sec. 105, 81 Stat. 938.
    Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-691, title I, Sec. 105, 80 Stat. 1020.
    Oct. 20, 1965, Pub. L. 89-273, title I, Sec. 105, 79 Stat. 1003.
    Oct. 7, 1964, Pub. L. 88-634, title I, Sec. 105, 78 Stat. 1017.
    Jan. 6, 1964, Pub. L. 88-258, title I, Sec. 105, 77 Stat. 858.
    Oct. 23, 1962, Pub. L. 87-872, title I, Sec. 105, 76 Stat. 1164.
    Sept. 30, 1961, Pub. L. 87-329, title I, Sec. 107, 75 Stat. 718.
    Sept. 2, 1960, Pub. L. 86-704, title I, Sec. 107, 74 Stat. 779.
    Sept. 28, 1959, Pub. L. 86-383, title I, Sec. 112, 73 Stat. 720.
    Aug. 28, 1958, Pub. L. 85-853, Sec. 105, 72 Stat. 1101.
    Sept. 3, 1957, Pub. L. 85-279, Sec. 109, 71 Stat. 604.
    July 31, 1956, ch. 803, Sec. 108, 70 Stat. 735.
    July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 12, 69 Stat. 290 (repealed by Pub. L. 
87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(3), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460).

                  Section Referred to in Other Sections

    This section is referred to in sections 2151-1, 2151v, 2162, 2399c, 
3502, 6593 of this title.
