
From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
[wais.access.gpo.gov]
[Laws in effect as of January 2, 2001]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
  January 2, 2001 and January 28, 2002]
[CITE: 22USC2220a]

 
               TITLE 22--FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
 
                     CHAPTER 32--FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
 
                 SUBCHAPTER I--INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 
                         Part II--Other Programs
 
         subpart xii--famine prevention and freedom from hunger
 
Sec. 2220a. General provisions


(a) Congressional objectives and findings

    The Congress declares that, in order to achieve the mutual goals 
among nations of ensuring food security, human health, agricultural 
growth, trade expansion, and the wise and sustainable use of natural 
resources, the United States should mobilize the capacities of the 
United States land-grant universities, other eligible universities, and 
public and private partners of universities in the United States and 
other countries, consistent with sections 2151a and 2151a-1 of this 
title, for: (1) global research on problems affecting food, agriculture, 
forestry, and fisheries; (2) improved human capacity and institutional 
resource development for the global application of agricultural and 
related environmental sciences; (3) agricultural development and trade 
research and extension services in the United States and other countries 
to support the entry of rural industries into world markets; and (4) 
providing for the application of agricultural sciences to solving food, 
health, nutrition, rural income, and environmental problems, especially 
such problems in low-income, food deficit countries.
    The Congress so declares because it finds--
        (A) that the establishment, endowment, and continuing support of 
    land-grant universities in the United States by Federal, State, and 
    county governments has led to agricultural progress with and through 
    the private sector in this country and to understanding processes of 
    economic development;
        (B) that land-grant and other universities in the United States 
    have demonstrated over many years their ability to cooperate with 
    international agencies, educational and research institutions in 
    other countries, the private sector, and nongovernmental 
    organizations worldwide, in expanding global agricultural 
    production, processing, business and trade, to the benefit of aid 
    recipient countries and of the United States;
        (C) that, in a world of growing populations with rising 
    expectations, increased food production and improved distribution, 
    storage, and marketing in the developing countries is necessary not 
    only to prevent hunger and ensure human health and child survival, 
    but to build the basis for economic growth and trade, and the social 
    security in which democracy and a market economy can thrive, and 
    moreover, that the greatest potential for increasing world food 
    supplies and incomes to purchase food is in the developing countries 
    where the gap between food need and food supply is the greatest and 
    current incomes are lowest;
        (D) that increasing and making more secure the supply of food is 
    of greatest benefit to the poorest majority in the developing world;
        (E) that, with expanding global markets and increasing imports 
    into many countries, including the United States, food safety and 
    quality, as well as secure supply, have emerged as mutual concerns 
    of all countries;
        (F) that research, teaching, and extension activities, and 
    appropriate institutional and policy development therefore are prime 
    factors in improving agricultural production, food distribution, 
    processing, storage, and marketing abroad (as well as in the United 
    States);
        (G) moreover, that agricultural research abroad has in the past 
    and will continue in the future to provide benefits for agriculture 
    and the broader economy of the United States and that increasing the 
    availability of food of higher nutritional quality is of benefit to 
    all;
        (H) that there is a need to responsibly manage the world's 
    agricultural and natural resources for sustained productivity, 
    health and resilience to climate variability; and
        (I) that universities and public and private partners of 
    universities need a dependable source of funding in order to 
    increase the impact of their own investments and those of their 
    State governments and constituencies, in order to continue and 
    expand their efforts to advance agricultural development in 
    cooperating countries, to translate development into economic growth 
    and trade for the United States and cooperating countries, and to 
    prepare future teachers, researchers, extension specialists, 
    entrepreneurs, managers, and decisionmakers for the world economy.

(b) Congressional declaration for collation of components to increase 
        world food production

    Accordingly, the Congress declares that, in order to prevent famine 
and establish freedom from hunger, the following components must be 
brought together in a coordinated program to increase world food and 
fiber production, agricultural trade, and responsible management of 
natural resources, including--
        (1) continued efforts by the international agricultural research 
    centers and other international research entities to provide a 
    global network, including United States universities, for 
    international scientific collaboration on crops, livestock, forests, 
    fisheries, farming resources, and food systems of worldwide 
    importance;
        (2) contract research and the implementation of collaborative 
    research support programs and other research collaboration led by 
    United States universities, and involving research systems in other 
    countries focused on crops, livestock, forests, fisheries, farming 
    resources, and food systems, with benefits to the United States and 
    partner countries;
        (3) broadly disseminating the benefits of global agricultural 
    research and development including increased benefits for United 
    States agriculturally related industries through establishment of 
    development and trade information and service centers, for rural as 
    well as urban communities, through extension, cooperatively with, 
    and supportive of, existing public and private trade and development 
    related organizations;
        (4) facilitation of participation by universities and public and 
    private partners of universities in programs of multilateral banks 
    and agencies which receive United States funds;
        (5) expanding learning opportunities about global agriculture 
    for students, teachers, community leaders, entrepreneurs, and the 
    general public through international internships and exchanges, 
    graduate assistantships, faculty positions, and other means of 
    education and extension through long-term recurring Federal funds 
    matched by State funds; and
        (6) competitive grants through universities to United States 
    agriculturalists and public and private partners of universities 
    from other countries for research, institution and policy 
    development, extension, training, and other programs for global 
    agricultural development, trade, and responsible management of 
    natural resources.

(c) University involvement, participation, and cooperation

    The United States should--
        (1) effectively involve the United States land-grant and other 
    eligible universities more extensively in each of the program 
    components described in paragraphs (1) through (6) of subsection (b) 
    of this section;
        (2) provide mechanisms for the universities and public and 
    private partners of universities to participate and advise in the 
    planning, development, implementation, and administration of each 
    component;
        (3) assist such universities and public and private partners of 
    universities in cooperative joint efforts with--
            (A) agricultural institutions in developing nations;
            (B) regional and international agricultural research 
        centers;
            (C) multilateral banks and agencies receiving United States 
        funds;
            (D) development agencies of other countries; and
            (E) United States Government foreign assistance and economic 
        cooperation programs;

        (4) generally engage the United States university community more 
    extensively in the agricultural research, trade, and development 
    initiatives undertaken outside the United States, with the 
    objectives of strengthening its capacity to carry out research, 
    teaching, and extension activities for solving problems in food 
    production, processing, marketing, and consumption in agriculturally 
    developing nations, and for transforming progress in global 
    agricultural research and development into economic growth, trade, 
    and trade benefits for aid recipient countries and United States 
    communities and industries, and for the wise use of natural 
    resources; and
        (5) ensure that all federally funded support to universities and 
    public and private partners of universities relating to the goals of 
    this subpart is periodically reviewed for its performance.

(d) Universities

    As used in this subpart, the term ``universities'' means those 
colleges or universities in each State, territory, or possession of the 
United States, or the District of Columbia, now receiving, or which may 
hereafter receive, benefits under the Act of July 2, 1862 (known as the 
First Morrill Act) [7 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], or the Act of August 30, 1890 
(known as the Second Morrill Act) [7 U.S.C. 321 et seq.], which are 
commonly known as ``land-grant'' universities; institutions now 
designated or which may hereafter be designated as sea-grant colleges 
under the Act of October 15, 1966 (known as the National Sea Grant 
College and Program Act) [33 U.S.C. 1121 et seq.], which are commonly 
known as sea-grant colleges; Native American land-grant colleges as 
authorized under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 
(7 U.S.C. 301 note); and other United States colleges and universities 
which--
        (1) have demonstrable capacity in teaching, research, and 
    extension (including outreach) activities in the agricultural 
    sciences; and
        (2) can contribute effectively to the attainment of the 
    objectives of this subpart.

(e) Administrator

    As used in this subpart, the term ``Administrator'' means the 
Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development.

(f) Public and private partners of universities

    As used in this subpart, the term ``public and private partners of 
universities'' includes entities that have cooperative or contractual 
agreements with universities, which may include formal or informal 
associations of universities, other education institutions, United 
States Government and State agencies, private voluntary organizations, 
nongovernmental organizations, firms operated for profit, nonprofit 
organizations, multinational banks, and, as designated by the 
Administrator, any organization, institution, or agency incorporated in 
other countries.

(g) Agriculture

    As used in this subpart, the term ``agriculture'' includes the 
science and practice of activity related to food, feed, and fiber 
production, processing, marketing, distribution, utilization, and trade, 
and also includes family and consumer sciences, nutrition, food science 
and engineering, agricultural economics and other social sciences, 
forestry, wildlife, fisheries, aquaculture, floraculture, veterinary 
medicine, and other environmental and natural resources sciences.

(h) Agriculturists

    As used in this subpart, the term ``agriculturists'' includes 
farmers, herders, and livestock producers, individuals who fish and 
others employed in cultivating and harvesting food resources from salt 
and fresh waters, individuals who cultivate trees and shrubs and harvest 
nontimber forest products, as well as the processors, managers, 
teachers, extension specialists, researchers, policymakers, and others 
who are engaged in the food, feed, and fiber system and its 
relationships to natural resources.

(Pub. L. 87-195, pt. I, Sec. 296, as added Pub. L. 94-161, title III, 
Sec. 312, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 861; amended Pub. L. 95-424, title I, 
Sec. 103(c), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 945; Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2, Oct. 
27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1427.)

                       References in Text

    The First Morrill Act and the Second Morrill Act, referred to in 
subsec. (d), refer to acts July 2, 1862, ch. 130, 12 Stat. 503, and Aug. 
30, 1890, ch. 841, 26 Stat. 417, as amended, which are classified 
generally to subchapters I (Sec. 301 et seq.) and II (Sec. 321 et seq.), 
respectively, of chapter 13 of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete 
classification of these Acts to the Code, see Short Title notes set out 
under sections 301 and 321 of Title 7 and Tables.
    The National Sea Grant College and Program Act, referred to in 
subsec. (d), is title II of Pub. L. 89-454, as added Pub. L. 89-688, 
Sec. 1, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 998, as amended, which is classified 
generally to subchapter II (Sec. 1121 et seq.) of chapter 22 of Title 
33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. For complete classification of this 
Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1121 of 
Title 33 and Tables.
    The Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994, referred to 
in subsec. (d), is Pub. L. 103-382, title V, part C, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 
Stat. 4048, as amended, which is set out as a note under section 301 of 
Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the 
Code, see Tables.


                               Amendments

    2000--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(a)(2)(A), in second 
sentence, redesignated pars. (1) to (7) as subpars. (A) to (G), 
respectively.
    Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(a)(1), amended first sentence generally. 
Prior to amendment, first sentence read as follows: ``The Congress 
declares that, in order to prevent famine and establish freedom from 
hunger, the United States should strengthen the capacities of the United 
States land-grant and other eligible universities in program-related 
agricultural institutional development and research, consistent with 
sections 2151a and 2151a-1 of this title, should improve their 
participation in the United States Government's international efforts to 
apply more effective agricultural sciences to the goal of increasing 
world food production, and in general should provide increased and 
longer term support to the application of science to solving food and 
nutrition problems of the developing countries.''
    Subsec. (a)(A). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(a)(2)(B), substituted ``with 
and through the private sector in this country and to understanding 
processes of economic development'' for ``in this country''.
    Subsec. (a)(B). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(a)(2)(C), amended subpar. 
(B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: ``that 
land-grant and other universities in the United States have demonstrated 
over many years their ability to cooperate with foreign agricultural 
institutions in expanding indigenous food production for both domestic 
and international markets;''.
    Subsec. (a)(C). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(a)(2)(D), amended subpar. 
(C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: ``that, 
in a world of growing population with rising expectations, increased 
food production and improved distribution, storage, and marketing in the 
developing countries is necessary not only to prevent hunger but to 
build the economic base for growth, and moreover, that the greatest 
potential for increasing world food supplies is in the developing 
countries where the gap between food need and food supply is the 
greatest and current yields are lowest;''.
    Subsec. (a)(E). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(a)(2)(E), (H), added subpar. 
(E) and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: ``that 
research, teaching, and extension activities, and appropriate 
institutional development therefor are prime factors in increasing 
agricultural production abroad (as well as in the United States) and in 
improving food distribution, storage, and marketing;''.
    Subsec. (a)(F). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(a)(2)(H), added subpar. (F). 
Former subpar. (F) redesignated (G).
    Subsec. (a)(G). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(a)(2)(E), (G), (I), 
redesignated subpar. (F) as (G), substituted ``and the broader economy 
of the United States'' for ``in the United States'', and struck out 
former subpar. (G) which read as follows: ``that universities need a 
dependable source of Federal funding, as well as other financing, in 
order to expand, or in some cases to continue, their efforts to assist 
in increasing agricultural production in developing countries.''
    Subsec. (a)(H), (I). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(a)(2)(F), (J), added 
subpars. (H) and (I).
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(b), amended subsec. (b) 
generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) contained declaration of 
Congress that various components had to be brought together in order to 
increase world food production.
    Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(c)(1), substituted ``each of 
the program components described in paragraphs (1) through (6) of 
subsection (b) of this section'' for ``each component''.
    Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(c)(2)(A), inserted ``and 
public and private partners of universities'' after ``for the 
universities''.
    Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(c)(3), inserted ``and public 
and private partners of universities'' after ``such universities'' in 
introductory provisions, added subpars. (C) to (E), and struck out 
concluding provisions which read as follows: ``directed to strengthening 
their joint and respective capabilities and to engage them more 
effectively in research, teaching, and extension activities for solving 
problems in food production, distribution, storage, marketing, and 
consumption in agriculturally underdeveloped nations.''
    Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(c)(2)(B), (4), added 
pars. (4) and (5).
    Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(d)(1), inserted ``Native 
American land-grant colleges as authorized under the Equity in 
Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note);'' after 
``sea-grant colleges;'' in introductory provisions.
    Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(d)(2), substituted 
``extension (including outreach)'' for ``extension''.
    Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(e), inserted ``United States'' 
before ``Agency''.
    Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 2(f)--(h), added subsecs. 
(f) to (h).
    1978--Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 95-424 struck out subsecs. (f) 
defining ``agriculture'', and (g) defining ``farmers''.


                    Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

    Amendment by Pub. L. 95-424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 
of Pub. L. 95-424, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title.


                       International Food Reserve

    Pub. L. 95-426, title VI, Sec. 604, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 986, 
provided that:
    ``(a) The Congress finds that--
        ``(1) half a billion people suffer regularly from malnutrition 
    or undernutrition;
        ``(2) even very modest shortfalls in crop production can result 
    in greatly increased human suffering, and undercut the benefits of 
    bilateral and multilateral assistance programs, in poor developing 
    countries with chronic food deficits;
        ``(3) increasing variability in world food production and trade 
    presents a serious threat not only to consumers but also to 
    producers;
        ``(4) the World Food Conference recognized the urgent need for 
    an international undertaking to achieve a system of world food 
    security based largely upon strategic food reserves;
        ``(5) the Congress through legislation has repeatedly urged the 
    President to negotiate with other nations to establish such a system 
    of reserves;
        ``(6) although the nations of the world have agreed to begin 
    discussions on a system of grain reserves to regulate food 
    availability, agreement on a global network of nationally held 
    reserves still eludes the international community;
        ``(7) while some progress has taken place in the United States 
    in creating domestic farmer held reserves, the scale of such 
    reserves does not insure adequate protection against fluctuations in 
    world production and price; and
        ``(8) the United States, as the world's leading producer of 
    foodstuffs, remains in a unique position to provide the leadership 
    necessary to make world food security a reality.
    ``(b) It is therefore the sense of the Congress that the President 
should continue his efforts directed toward achievement of an agreement 
establishing an international network of nationally held grain reserves 
which provides for supply assurance to consumers and income security to 
producers.''

    Similar provisions were contained in the following prior 
authorization act:
    Pub. L. 95-105, title V, Sec. 510, Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 860.


                  Commission on Hunger and Malnutrition

    Pub. L. 95-426, title VII, Sec. 711, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 994, 
which authorized funds to be appropriated for fiscal years 1979 and 1980 
for a commission to conduct studies on global hunger and malnutrition, 
which commission was to make recommendations to the President and 
Congress on policies to increase the capacity of the United States to 
reduce hunger and malnutrition, was repealed by Pub. L. 97-241, title V, 
Sec. 505(a)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299.


                Settlement of Debt Owed the United States

    Section 321 of Pub. L. 94-161 provided that: ``No debt owed to the 
United States by any foreign country with respect to the payment of any 
loan made under any program funded under this Act [see Short Title of 
1975 Amendment note set out under section 2151 of this title] may be 
settled in an amount less than the full amount of such debt unless the 
Congress by concurrent resolution approves of such settlement.''


  Cooperation With Other Countries in Alleviating World Food Shortage; 
                 Emergency and Humanitarian Requirements

    Pub. L. 93-189, Sec. 39, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 735, provided that:
    ``(a) It is the sense of the Congress that the United States should 
participate fully in efforts to alleviate current and future food 
shortages which threaten the world. To this end, the President shall--
        ``(1) encourage, support, and expedite, studies relating to the 
    long-range implications of the world food situation (including 
    studies of national and world production, distribution, and 
    utilization of agricultural commodities and other foodstuffs) and 
    support the organizing of a world food conference under United 
    Nations auspices in 1974;
        ``(2) request the member nations of the General Agreement on 
    Tariffs and Trade to explore the means for assuring equitable access 
    by all nations to national markets and mineral and agricultural 
    resources;
        ``(3) consult and cooperate with appropriate international 
    agencies, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the 
    United Nations, in determining the need for, the feasibility of, and 
    cost on an equitably-shared basis of, establishing an international 
    system of strategic food reserves; and
        ``(4) report his findings and recommendations to the Congress on 
    the implementation of this section no later than December 31, 1974.
    ``(b) It is further the sense of the Congress that--
        ``(1) in making assessments which would affect or relate to the 
    level of domestic production, the Executive Branch should include in 
    the estimates of overall utilization the expected demands for 
    humanitarian food assistance through such programs as are carried 
    out under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 
    1954 (Public Law 480) [section 1691 et seq. of Title 7, 
    Agriculture]; and
        ``(2) legislation providing increased flexibility for responding 
    to emergency and humanitarian requirements for food assistance 
    should be considered as promptly as possible to the end that the 
    last sentence of section 401 of the Agricultural Trade Development 
    and Assistance Act of 1954 (Public Law 480) [section 1731 of title 
    7], may be amended by striking the period and inserting in lieu 
    thereof a comma and the following: `unless the Secretary determines 
    that some part of the exportable supply should be used to carry out 
    the national interest and humanitarian objectives of this Act [see 
    Short Title of 1973 Amendment note set out under section 2151 of 
    this title]'.''
