
From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
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[Laws in effect as of January 23, 2000]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
  January 23, 2000 and December 4, 2001]
[CITE: 40USC486]

 
             TITLE 40--PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PROPERTY, AND WORKS
 
       CHAPTER 10--MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF GOVERNMENT PROPERTY
 
                   SUBCHAPTER II--PROPERTY MANAGEMENT
 
Sec. 486. Policies, regulations, and delegations


(a) Promulgation by President

    The President may prescribe such policies and directives, not 
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, as he shall deem necessary 
to effectuate the provisions of said Act, which policies and directives 
shall govern the Administrator and executive agencies in carrying out 
their respective functions hereunder.

(b) Accounting principles and standards

    The Comptroller General after considering the needs and requirements 
of the executive agencies shall prescribe principles and standards of 
accounting for property, cooperate with the Administrator and with the 
executive agencies in the development of property accounting systems, 
and approve such systems when deemed to be adequate and in conformity 
with prescribed principles and standards. From time to time the General 
Accounting Office shall examine such property accounting systems as are 
established by the executive agencies to determine the extent of 
compliance with prescribed principles and standards and approved 
systems, and the Comptroller General shall report to the Congress any 
failure to comply with such principles and standards or to adequately 
account for property.

(c) Regulations by Administrator

    The Administrator shall prescribe such regulations as he deems 
necessary to effectuate his functions under this Act, and the head of 
each executive agency shall cause to be issued such orders and 
directives as such head deems necessary to carry out such regulations.

(d) Delegation and redelegation of authority by Administrator; 
        exceptions

    The Administrator is authorized to delegate and to authorize 
successive redelegation of any authority transferred to or vested in him 
by this Act (except for the authority to issue regulations on matters of 
policy having application to executive agencies, the authority contained 
in section 754 of this title, and except as otherwise provided in this 
Act) to any official in the General Services Administration or to the 
head of any other Federal agency.

(e) Delegation of functions by Administrator

    With respect to any function transferred to or vested in the General 
Services Administration or the Administrator by this Act, the 
Administrator may (1) direct the undertaking of its performance by the 
General Services Administration or by any constituent organization 
therein which he may designate or establish; or (2) designate and 
authorize any executive agency to perform such function for itself; or 
(3) designate and authorize any other executive agency to perform such 
function; or (4) provide for such performance by any combination of the 
foregoing methods. Any designation or assignment of functions or 
delegation of authority to another executive agency under this section 
shall be made only with the consent of the executive agency concerned or 
upon direction of the President.

(f) Transfer of personnel, property, funds, etc., to agency receiving 
        delegated functions

    When any executive agency (including the General Services 
Administration and constituent organizations thereof) is authorized and 
directed by the Administrator to carry out any function under this Act, 
the Administrator may, with the approval of the Director of the Office 
of Management and Budget, provide for the transfer of appropriate 
personnel, records, property, and allocated funds of the General 
Services Administration, or of such other executive agency as has 
theretofore carried out such function, to the executive agency so 
authorized and directed.

(g) Establishment of advisory committees; compensation; expenses

    The Administrator may establish advisory committees to advise with 
him with respect to any function transferred to or vested in the 
Administrator by this Act. The members thereof shall serve without 
compensation but shall be entitled to transportation and not to exceed 
$25 per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by section 5703 of 
title 5, for persons so serving.

(h) Consultations between Administrator and Federal agencies

    The Administrator shall advise and consult with interested Federal 
agencies with a view to obtaining their advice and assistance in 
carrying out the purposes of this Act.

(i) Administration of oaths by certain officers and employees

    If authorized by the Administrator, officers and employees of the 
General Services Administration having investigatory functions are 
empowered, while engaged in the performance of their duties in 
conducting investigations, to administer oaths to any person.

(June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title II, Sec. 205, 63 Stat. 389; Sept. 5, 
1950, ch. 849, Sec. 9, 64 Stat. 591; Pub. L. 87-619, Aug. 31, 1962, 76 
Stat. 414; 1970 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 102, eff. July 1, 1970, 35 F.R. 
7959, 84 Stat. 2085.)

                       References in Text

    This Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c) to (h), is act June 
30, 1949, ch. 288, 63 Stat. 377, as amended, known as the Federal 
Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949. For complete 
classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out 
under section 471 of this title and Tables.

                          Codification

    In subsec. (g), ``section 5703 of title 5'' substituted for 
``section 5 of the Act of August 2, 1946 (5 U.S.C. 73b-2)'' on authority 
of Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first 
section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
    Section was formerly classified to section 235 of Title 41, Public 
Contracts.


                               Amendments

    1962--Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 87-619 added subsec. (i).
    1950--Subsec. (h). Act Sept. 5, 1950, substituted ``this Act'' for 
``this subchapter''.

                          Transfer of Functions

    Functions vested by law (including reorganization plan) in Bureau of 
the Budget or Director of Bureau of the Budget transferred to President 
of the United States by section 101 of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1970, eff. 
July 1, 1970, 35 F.R. 7959, 84 Stat. 2085, set out in the Appendix to 
Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Section 102 of Reorg. 
Plan No. 2 of 1970, redesignated Bureau of the Budget as Office of 
Management and Budget.


                   Termination of Advisory Committees

    Advisory committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not 
later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, 
unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an 
officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by 
appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in 
the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is 
otherwise provided by law. Advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 
1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period 
beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a 
committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal 
Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the 
expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee 
established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. 
See section 14 of Pub. L. 92-463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 776, set out in 
the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.


 Prohibition of Cigarette Sales to Minors in Federal Buildings and Lands

    Pub. L. 104-52, title VI, Sec. 636, Nov. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 507, 
provided that: ``This section may be cited as the `Prohibition of 
Cigarette Sales to Minors in Federal Buildings and Lands Act'.
    ``(a) As used in this section--
        ``(1) the term `Federal agency' means--
            ``(A) an Executive agency as defined in section 105 of title 
        5, United States Code; and
            ``(B) each entity specified in subparagraphs (B) through (H) 
        of section 5721(1) of title 5, United States Code;
        ``(2) the term `Federal building' means--
            ``(A) any building or other structure owned in whole or in 
        part by the United States or any Federal agency, including any 
        such structure occupied by a Federal agency under a lease 
        agreement; and
            ``(B) includes the real property on which such building is 
        located;
        ``(3) the term `minor' means an individual under the age of 18 
    years; and
        ``(4) the term `tobacco product' means cigarettes, cigars, 
    little cigars, pipe tobacco, smokeless tobacco, snuff, and chewing 
    tobacco.
    ``(b)(1) No later than 45 days after the date of the enactment of 
this Act [Nov. 19, 1995], the Administrator of General Services and the 
head of each Federal agency shall promulgate regulations that prohibit--
        ``(A) the sale of tobacco products in vending machines located 
    in or around any Federal building under the jurisdiction of the 
    Administrator or such agency head; and
        ``(B) the distribution of free samples of tobacco products in or 
    around any Federal building under the jurisdiction of the 
    Administrator or such agency head.
    ``(2) The Administrator of General Services or the head of an 
agency, as appropriate, may designate areas not subject to the 
provisions of paragraph (1), if such area also prohibits the presence of 
minors.
    ``(3) The provisions of this subsection shall be carried out--
        ``(A) by the Administrator of General Services for any Federal 
    building which is maintained, leased, or has title of ownership 
    vested in the General Services Administration; or
        ``(B) by the head of a Federal agency for any Federal building 
    which is maintained, leased, or has title of ownership vested in 
    such agency.
    ``(c) No later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act 
[Nov. 19, 1995], the Administrator of General Services and each head of 
an agency shall prepare and submit, to the appropriate committees of 
Congress, a report that shall contain--
        ``(1) verification that the Administrator or such head of an 
    agency is in compliance with this section; and
        ``(2) a detailed list of the location of all tobacco product 
    vending machines located in Federal buildings under the 
    administration of the Administrator or such head of an agency.
    ``(d)(1) No later than 45 days after the date of the enactment of 
this Act [Nov. 19, 1995], the Senate Committee on Rules and 
Administration and the House of Representatives Committee on House 
Oversight [now Committee on House Administration], after consultation 
with the Architect of the Capitol, shall promulgate regulations under 
the Senate and House of Representatives rulemaking authority that 
prohibit the sale of tobacco products in vending machines in the Capitol 
Buildings.
    ``(2) Such committees may designate areas where such prohibition 
shall not apply, if such area also prohibits the presence of minors.
    ``(3) For the purpose of this section the term `Capitol Buildings' 
shall have the same meaning as such term is defined under section 
16(a)(1) of the Act entitled `An Act to define the area of the United 
States Capitol Grounds, to regulate the use thereof, and for other 
purposes', approved July 31, 1946 (40 U.S.C. 193m(1)).
    ``(e) Nothing in this section shall be construed as restricting the 
authority of the Administrator of General Services or the head of an 
agency to limit tobacco product use in or around any Federal building, 
except as provided under subsection (b)(1).''


          Modification of Policies, Procedures, and Directives

    To all executive agencies: By virtue of the authority vested in me 
by section 205(a) of the Act entitled ``An Act to simplify the 
procurement, utilization and disposal of Government property to 
reorganize certain agencies of the Government, and for other purposes,'' 
approved June 30, 1949 (the Federal Property and Administrative Services 
Act of 1949) [subsec. (a) of this section] it is hereby directed that:
    1. In cooperation with other interested agencies, the Administrator 
of General Services shall institute studies and surveys to determine the 
extent to which existing policies, procedures and directives heretofore 
promulgated and remaining in force under section 501 of the Act [section 
473 of this title] should be modified or revoked in the interest of 
promoting greater economy and efficiency in accomplishing the purposes 
of this Act. Careful attention shall be given to determining the degree 
of centralization in the General Services Administration to be attained 
in the performance of the functions involved. When these studies and 
surveys have been completed and after consulting with the interested 
agencies, the Administrator shall prescribe such regulations as may be 
necessary to implement the determinations resulting from such studies 
and surveys.
    2. After consultation with the Bureau of the Budget [now the Office 
of Management and Budget] and other Executive agencies, and also with 
the General Accounting Office in respect of such matters as may be 
appropriate, including matters affecting its functions under sections 
205(b) and 206(c) of the Act [subsec. (b) of this section and section 
487(c) of this title], and at the earliest possible date, the 
Administrator of General Services shall establish such standards, 
prescribe such regulations, and prepare and issue such manuals and 
procedures as may be necessary to guide all Executive agencies in 
ascertaining whether their operations in the field of property and 
records management are efficient and economical as well as consistent 
with established Government policies.
    3. In accordance with directives to be issued by the Administrator 
of General Services, each Executive agency shall promptly institute 
surveys to determine excess personal property and that portion of excess 
real property, including unimproved property, under their control which 
might be suitable for office, storage, and related facilities, and shall 
promptly report to the Administrator as soon as each survey is 
completed.
    4. Each Executive agency shall carefully plan and schedule its 
requirements for supplies, equipment, materials and all other personal 
property in order that necessary stocks may be maintained at minimum 
levels and high-cost small-lot purchasing avoided.
    5. Under section 201(c) of the Act [section 481(c) of this title] 
Executive agencies are permitted to apply exchange allowances and 
proceeds of sale in payment of property acquired. The Administrator 
shall promptly prescribe regulations specifying the extent to which 
Executive agencies may exercise this authority, and pending the issuance 
of such regulations, no Executive agency shall exercise this authority 
except to the extent permitted by, and in accordance with the provisions 
of, statutes in force prior to the taking effect of this Act.
    6. Section 502(d) of the Act [section 474 of this title] provides 
that certain programs and functions now being carried on by various 
Executive agencies shall not be impaired or affected by the provisions 
of the Act. However, the attention of these agencies is called 
specifically to the purposes of this legislation and they shall, insofar 
as practicable, procure, utilize and dispose of property in accordance 
with the provisions of the Act, and the regulations issued thereunder in 
order that the greatest overall efficiency and economy may be effected. 
These same agencies shall also cooperate with the Administrator of 
General Services in the making of surveys of property and property 
management practices and in the establishment of inventory levels as 
provided in section 206(a)(1) and (2) of the Act [section 487(a)(1), and 
(2) of this title].

                                                         Harry S Truman.


            Termination of Wage and Price Regulatory Program

    For provisions relating to the termination of the wage and price 
regulatory program, see Ex. Ord. No. 12288, Jan. 29, 1981, 46 F.R. 
10135, set out as a note under former section 1904 of Title 12, Banks 
and Banking.

     Ex. Ord. No. 10579. Interagency Motor-Vehicle Pools and Systems

    Ex. Ord. No. 10579, Dec. 1, 1954, 19 F.R. 7925, provided:
    Section 1. Purpose and general policy. (a) The purpose of these 
regulations is to establish policies and procedures under which 
interagency motor-vehicle pools or systems may be established, operated, 
curtailed, or discontinued.
    (b) The Administrator of General Services (hereinafter referred to 
as the Administrator) shall establish and provide for the operation of 
interagency motor-vehicle pools and systems for the purpose of providing 
more efficient or economical transportation of Government personnel and 
property within specific areas by motor vehicles or local transit 
systems. Pools or systems based in whole or in part upon use of 
privately-owned vehicles and facilities shall be preferred to Government 
ownership of vehicles and facilities to the extent that it is feasible 
to provide required motor-vehicle services of satisfactory quality and 
cost from commercial or other private sources.
    Sec. 2. Conduct of studies to determine advisability of establishing 
motor-vehicle pools or systems. (a) The Administrator shall select areas 
in which studies are to be conducted to determine the advisability of 
establishing motor-vehicle pools or systems. Before initiating any such 
study, he shall give at least thirty days notice to the head of each 
executive agency (as defined in section 3(a) of the Act) [section 472(a) 
of this title]. The notice shall include a statement of the approximate 
geographic area to be studied and the date on which the study will 
begin.
    (b) The head of each executive agency receiving notice that such a 
study is to be made shall provide information which is required or 
pertinent. He shall also designate one or more officials in the field 
with whom members of a staff assigned by the General Services 
Administration may consult. Such designated officials shall provide such 
assigned staff with needed information and assistance, including 
reasonable opportunities to observe motor-vehicle operations and 
facilities and to examine pertinent cost and other records.
    Sec. 3. Determination to establish an interagency motor-vehicle pool 
or system. (a) If the Administrator determines, with due regard to the 
program activities of the agencies concerned, and on the basis of a 
study made in accordance with section 2 hereof, that an interagency 
motor-vehicle pool or system should be established, he shall be 
responsible for preparing a formal determination to that effect. Such 
determination shall include:
    (1) A description of the proposed operation, including a statement 
of the types of service and of the geographic area, and the agencies or 
parts of agencies to be served.
    (2) The name of the executive agency designated to be responsible 
for operating the pool or system, and the reasons for such designation.
    (3) A statement indicating the motor vehicles and related equipment 
and supplies to be transferred and the amount of reimbursement, if any, 
to be made therefor.
    (b) Each determination shall be accompanied by an analytical 
justification which shall include a comparison of estimated costs of the 
present and proposed methods of operation and a showing of the estimated 
savings to be realized through the establishment of the proposed pool or 
system. The justification shall also describe the alternatives 
considered in making the determination, and shall include a statement 
concerning the availability of privately-owned facilities and equipment, 
and the feasibility and estimated cost (immediate and long-term) of 
using such facilities and equipment.
    (c) The Administrator shall send a copy of each determination to 
each executive agency affected and to the Director of the Bureau of the 
Budget [now the Director of the Office of Management and Budget] 
(hereinafter referred to as the Director).
    Sec. 4. Transfers of records, facilities, personnel, and 
appropriations. Whenever the Administrator prepares a determination as 
set forth in section 3 of these regulations, he shall also prepare and 
present to the Director a schedule of the proposed transfer of such 
records, facilities, personnel, and appropriations as relate primarily 
to the functions which are to be transferred to the interagency motor-
vehicle pool or system. A copy of such schedule shall be sent by the 
Administrator to each executive agency affected. The Director shall 
determine the records, facilities, personnel, and appropriations to be 
transferred.
    Sec. 5. Taking effect of determinations. Unless a greater time is 
allowed therein, any determination made by the Administrator shall 
become binding on all affected executive agencies forty-five days after 
the issuance thereof except with respect to any agency which appeals, or 
requests an exemption, from any such determination in accordance with 
section 6 of these regulations.
    Sec. 6. Review of determinations not agreed to by agencies affected. 
(a) Any executive agency may appeal or request exemption from any or all 
proposals affecting it which are contained in a determination. Appeals 
shall be submitted in writing to the Director with a copy to the 
Administrator within forty-five days from the date of the determination. 
Such appeals shall be accompanied by factual and objective supporting 
data and justification.
    (b) The Director shall review any determination from which an 
executive agency has appealed and shall make a final decision on such 
appeal. The Director shall make such decisions, within seventy-five days 
after he receives the appeal or as soon thereafter as practicable, on 
the basis of information contained in the Administrator's determination, 
the executive agencies' appeals therefrom, and any supplementary data 
submitted by the Administrator and the contesting agencies. The Director 
shall send copies of decisions to the Administrator and to the heads of 
other executive agencies concerned.
    (c) The Director's decision upon each such appeal, if it holds that 
the determination shall apply in whole or in part to the appealing 
agency, shall state the extent to which the determination applies and 
the effective date of its application. To the extent that the Director's 
decision on an appeal does not uphold the Administrator's determination, 
such determination shall be of no force and effect.
    Sec. 7. Compliance with determinations and decisions on appeals. (a) 
When a determination or a decision on an appeal made in accordance with 
these regulations has become effective, each executive agency affected 
shall comply therewith.
    (b) The Director shall take such actions as he deems appropriate to 
assist in securing compliance with determinations which have become 
effective. In the exercise of this authority to establish reserves in 
apportioning appropriations and funds, the Director shall take account 
of such savings as accrue from the establishment of inter-agency motor-
vehicle pools and systems.
    (c) The executive agency which operates any pool or system 
established hereunder shall maintain accurate records of the cost of 
establishment, maintenance, and operation of any interagency motor-
vehicle pool or system established pursuant to these regulations.
    (d) The Administrator shall be responsible for maintaining adequate 
reviews and controls of the economy and efficiency of all pools or 
systems established in accordance with these regulations, including 
those not directly operated by the General Services Administration.
    Sec. 8. Discontinuance or curtailment of service. (a) If, during any 
reasonable period, not exceeding two successive fiscal years, no actual 
savings are realized from the operation of any pool or system 
established hereunder, the Administrator shall discontinue the pool or 
system concerned.
    (b) The Administrator may discontinue or curtail a motor-vehicle 
pool or system when he determines that it is not the most economical 
method of rendering required motor-vehicle service; but he shall give at 
least sixty days notice of such intention to executive agencies affected 
and to the Director before taking such action.
    (c) Executive agencies affected by a pool or system for which the 
Administrator is responsible (including inter-agency pools or systems 
operated by another executive agency designated by the Administrator) 
may bring problems of service and cost to the attention of the 
Administrator, who shall assure that such problems receive proper 
attention.
    (d) Executive agencies receiving motor-vehicle services from an 
interagency motor-vehicle pool or system under these regulations may 
request discontinuance or curtailment of their participation in such 
pool or system after at least one year of participation or in the event 
that the need for the services from the pool or system ceases. Such 
requests shall be submitted to the Administrator with pertinent factual 
justification.
    (e) If the Administrator does not agree with such request and is 
unable to make arrangements which are mutually acceptable to him and to 
the head of the executive agency concerned, the agency's request for 
discontinuance or modification and the Administrator's reasons for not 
agreeing with the request shall be forwarded to the Director who shall 
be responsible for making a final and binding decision.
    (f) When a pool or system is discontinued or curtailed, such 
transfers of vehicles and related equipment and supplies, personnel, 
records, facilities, and funds as may be appropriate will be made, 
subject to the approval of the Director.
    Sec. 9. Motor vehicles exempted from inclusion in interagency motor-
vehicle pools. The following-described classes of motor vehicles shall 
be exempt from inclusion in interagency motor-vehicle pools or systems:
    (1) Motor vehicles designed or used for military field training, 
combat, or tactical purposes, or used principally within the confines of 
a regularly established military post, camp, or depot.
    (2) Any motor vehicle regularly used by an agency in the performance 
of investigative, law enforcement, or intelligence duties if the head of 
such agency determines that exclusive control of such vehicle is 
essential to the effective performance of such duties: Provided, that 
vehicles regularly used for common administrative purposes not directly 
connected with the performance of law enforcement, investigative, or 
intelligence duties shall not because of such use be exempted from such 
inclusion.
    (3) Any motor vehicle the conspicuous identification of which as a 
Government vehicle would interfere with the purpose for which it is 
acquired and used.
    (4) Unless inclusion is mutually agreed upon by the Administrator 
and the head of the agency concerned:
    (i) Motor vehicles for the use of the heads of the executive 
agencies, ambassadors, ministers, charge d'affaires, and other principal 
diplomatic and consular officials.
    (ii) Motor vehicles regularly and principally used for the 
transportation of diplomats and representatives of foreign countries or 
by officers of the Department of State for the conduct of official 
business with representatives of foreign countries.
    (iii) Motor vehicles regularly used for the distribution and 
transportation of mails.
    (5) Motor vehicles which, because of their design or the special 
purposes for which they are used, or for other reasons, cannot 
advantageously be incorporated in an interagency motor-vehicle pool or 
system if the exemption thereof has been mutually agreed upon by the 
Administrator and the head of the executive agency concerned.
    (6) Motor vehicles exempted by an agency which has authority to make 
such an exemption under the provisions of the Act [this chapter].
    Sec. 10. Optional use arrangements. Nothing in these regulations 
shall be construed as precluding the establishment or operation of 
interagency motor-vehicle pools or systems on the basis of optional use 
by executive or other Federal agencies.
    Sec. 11. Supplementary regulations. The Administrator shall, after 
consultation with the executive agencies concerned and with due regard 
to their program activities, issue such supplementary regulations of 
general applicability to the executive agencies concerned as are 
necessary for the effective and economical operation of pools or systems 
under the Act [this chapter].
                                                   Dwight D. Eisenhower.

                        Executive Order No. 11508

    Ex. Ord. No. 11508, Feb. 10, 1970, 35 F.R. 2855, as amended by Ex. 
Ord. No. 11560, Sept. 23, 1970, 35 F.R. 14899, which related to the 
identification of unneeded federal real property, was superseded by Ex. 
Ord. No. 11724, June 25, 1973, 38 F.R. 16837, formerly set out below.

                        Executive Order No. 11724

    Ex. Ord. No. 11724, June 25, 1973, 38 F.R. 16837, which related to 
the Federal Property Council, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11954, Jan. 
7, 1977, 42 F.R. 2297, formerly set out below.

                        Executive Order No. 11954

    Ex. Ord. No. 11954, Jan. 7, 1977, 42 F.R. 2297, as amended by Ex. 
Ord. No. 12030, Dec. 15, 1977, 42 F.R. 63633, formerly set out under 
this section, which provided for review of Federal real property, was 
revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12348, Feb. 25, 1982, 47 F.R. 8547, formerly set 
out below.

                        Executive Order No. 12030

    Ex. Ord. No. 12030, Dec. 15, 1977, 42 F.R. 63633, formerly set out 
as a note under this section, which amended Ex. Ord. No. 11954, Jan. 7, 
1977, 42 F.R. 2297, by, among other changes, providing for the 
termination of the Federal Property Council, was omitted from the Code 
in view of the revocation of Ex. Ord. No. 11954 by Ex. Ord. No. 12348, 
Feb. 25, 1982, 47 F.R. 8547, formerly set out below.

                        Executive Order No. 12348

    Ex. Ord. No. 12348, Feb. 25, 1982, 47 F.R. 8547, which related to 
Federal real property review, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12512, Apr. 
29, 1985, 50 F.R. 18453, set out below.

      Ex. Ord. No. 112411. Government Work Space Management Reforms

    Ex. Ord. No. 12411, Mar. 29, 1983, 48 F.R. 13391, provided:
    By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and 
laws of the United States of America, including Section 486 of Title 40 
of the United States Code, in order to institute fundamental changes in 
the manner in which Federal work space is managed to ensure its 
efficient utilization, it is hereby ordered as follows:
    Section 1. In order to make the Federal use of work space (including 
office space, warehouses and special purpose space, whether federally 
owned, leased or controlled) and related furnishings more effective in 
support of agency missions, minimize the acquisition of government 
resources, and reduce the administrative costs of the Federal 
government, the heads of all Federal Executive agencies shall:
    (a) Establish programs to reduce the amount of work space, used or 
held, to that amount which is essential for known agency missions;
    (b) Produce and maintain a total inventory of work space and related 
furnishings and declare excess to the Administrator of General Services 
all such holdings that are not necessary to satisfy existing or known 
and verified planned programs;
    (c) Ensure that the amount of office space used by each employee of 
the agency, or others using agency-controlled space, is held to the 
minimum necessary to accomplish the task that must be performed;
    (d) Manage the furniture, equipment, decoration, drapes, carpeting, 
plants and other accoutrements so that the use of all furnishings by the 
agency reflects a judicious employment of public moneys;
    (e) Consider, in making decisions concerning the use, acquisition, 
or disposal of work space and related furnishings, the effects of its 
actions on costs incurred by other Federal agencies;
    (f) Report all vacant work space retained for future Federal uses to 
the Administrator of General Services so that it may be made available 
for the temporary use of other Federal agencies, to the extent 
consistent with national defense requirements;
    (g) Establish a work space management plan to meet the provisions of 
this Order, including specification of the goals to be achieved and 
actions to be taken by the agency in order to improve its utilization of 
all work space and related furnishings; and
    (h) Establish information systems, implement inventory controls and 
conduct surveys, in accordance with procedures established by the 
Administrator of General Services, so that a government-wide reporting 
system may be developed.
    Sec. 2. The Administrator of General Services is delegated 
authority, to the extent not prohibited by other laws, to conduct 
surveys, establish agency-wide objectives for work space use for each 
Executive agency, and establish procedures, guidelines and regulations 
to be followed by the agencies in developing the work space planning, 
information and reporting systems required by this Order.
                                                          Ronald Reagan.

          Ex. Ord. No. 12512. Federal Real Property Management

    Ex. Ord. No. 12512, Apr. 29, 1985, 50 F.R. 18453, provided:
    By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and 
laws of the United States of America, including section 486(a) of title 
40 of the United States Code, and in order to ensure that Federal real 
property resources are treated in accordance with their value as 
national assets and in the best interests of the Nation's taxpayers, it 
is hereby ordered as follows:
    Section 1. General Requirements. To ensure the effective and 
economical use of America's real property and public land assets, 
establish a focal point for the enunciation of clear and consistent 
Federal policies regarding the acquisition, management, and disposal of 
properties, and assure management accountability for implementing 
Federal real property management reforms, all Executive departments and 
agencies shall take immediate action to recognize the importance of such 
resources through increased management attention, establishment of clear 
goals and objectives, improved policies and levels of accountability, 
and other appropriate actions. Specifically:
    (a) The Domestic Policy Council shall serve as the forum for 
approving government-wide real property management policies;
    (b) All Executive departments and agencies shall establish internal 
policies and systems of accountability that ensure effective use of real 
property in support of mission-related activities, consistent with 
Federal policies regarding the acquisition, management, and disposal of 
such assets. All such agencies shall periodically review their real 
property holdings and conduct surveys of such property in accordance 
with standards and procedures determined by the Administrator of General 
Services. All such agencies shall also develop annual real property 
management improvement plans that include clear and concise goals and 
objectives related to all aspects of real property management, and 
identify sales, work space management, productivity, and excess property 
targets;
    (c) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall 
review, through the management and budget review processes, the efforts 
of departments and agencies toward achieving the government-wide 
property management policies established pursuant to this Order. Savings 
achieved as a result of improved management shall be applied to reduce 
Federal spending and to support program delivery;
    (d) The Office of Management and Budget and the General Services 
Administration shall, in consultation with the land managing agencies, 
develop legislative initiatives that seek to improve Federal real 
property management through the adoption of appropriate private sector 
management techniques; the elimination of duplication of effort among 
agencies; and the establishment of managerial accountability for 
implementing effective and efficient real property management practices; 
and
    (e) The President's Council on Management Improvement, subject to 
the policy direction of the Domestic Policy Council, shall conduct such 
additional studies as are necessary to improve Federal real property 
management by appropriate agencies and groups.
    Sec. 2. Real Property. The Administrator of General Services shall, 
to the extent permitted by law, provide government-wide policy oversight 
and guidance for Federal real property management; manage selected 
properties for agencies; conduct surveys; delegate operational 
responsibility to agencies where feasible and economical; and provide 
leadership in the development and maintenance of needed property 
management information systems.
    Sec. 3. Public Lands. In order to ensure that Federally owned lands, 
other than the real property covered by Section 2 of this Order, are 
managed in the most effective and economic manner, the Departments of 
Agriculture and the Interior shall take such steps as are appropriate to 
improve their management of public lands and National Forest System 
lands and shall develop appropriate legislative proposals necessary to 
facilitate that result.
    Sec. 4. Executive Order No. 12348 of February 25, 1982, is hereby 
revoked.
                                                          Ronald Reagan.

 Ex. Ord. No. 12933. Nondisplacement of Qualified Workers Under Certain 
                                Contracts

    Ex. Ord. No. 12933, Oct. 20, 1994, 59 F.R. 53559, provided:
    When a service contract for the maintenance of a public building 
expires and a follow-on contract is awarded for the same service, the 
successor contractor typically hires the majority of the predecessor's 
employees. On occasion, however, a follow-on contractor will hire a new 
work force, and the predecessor's employees are displaced.
    As a buyer and participant in the marketplace, the Government is 
concerned about hardships to individuals that may result from the 
operation of our procurement system.
    Furthermore, the Government's procurement interests in economy and 
efficiency benefit from the fact that a carryover work force will 
minimize disruption to the delivery of services during any period of 
transition and provide the Government the benefits of an experienced and 
trained work force rather than one that may not be familiar with the 
Government facility.
    Therefore, by the authority vested in me as President by the 
Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including 40 
U.S.C. 486(a), and in order to promote economy and efficiency, it is 
hereby ordered as follows:
    Section 1. Statement of Policy. It is the policy of the Federal 
Government that solicitations and building service contracts for public 
buildings shall include a clause that requires the contractor under a 
contract that succeeds a contract for performance of similar services at 
the same public building to offer those employees (other than managerial 
or supervisory employees) under the predecessor contract whose 
employment will be terminated as a result of the award of the successor 
contract, a right of first refusal to employment under the contract in 
positions for which they are qualified. There shall be no employment 
openings under the contract until such right of first refusal has been 
provided. Nothing in this order shall be construed to permit a 
contractor to fail to comply with any provision of any other Executive 
order or laws of the United States.
    Sec. 2. Definitions. (a) ``Public building'' means any Government-
owned building, whether single or multi-tenant occupancy, its grounds, 
approaches, and appurtenances, which is generally suitable for office or 
storage space or both for the use of one or more Federal agencies or 
mixed ownership corporations, and shall include the following: (1) 
Federal office buildings; (2) customhouses; (3) courthouses; (4) border 
inspection facilities; (5) warehouses; (6) records centers; (7) 
appraiser stores; and (8) relocation facilities and similar Federal 
facilities; but shall not include any such buildings: (A) on the public 
domain (including that reserved for national forests and other 
purposes); (B) on properties of the United States in foreign countries; 
(C) on Native American and Native Eskimo properties held in trust by the 
United States; (D) on lands used in connection with Federal programs for 
agricultural, recreational, and conservation purposes, including 
research in connection therewith; (E) on or used in connection with 
river, harbor, flood control, reclamation, or power projects; or for 
chemical manufacturing or development projects; or for nuclear 
production, research, or development projects; (F) on or used in 
connection with housing and residential projects; (G) on properties of 
the United States Postal Service; (H) on military installations 
(including any fort, camp, post, naval training station, airfield, 
proving ground, military supply depot, military school, or any similar 
facility of the Department of Defense); (I) on installations of the 
National Aeronautic and Space Administration, except regular office 
buildings; and (J) on Department of Veterans Affairs installations used 
for hospital or domiciliary purposes.
    (b) ``Building services contract'' means a contract for recurring 
services related to the maintenance of a public building, e.g., 
janitorial, window washing, food service, laundry, protective services, 
lawn and grounds care, and inspection, maintenance, and repair of fixed 
equipment such as elevators, air-conditioning, and heating systems.
    Sec. 3. Exclusions. This order shall not apply to (a) contracts 
under the simplified acquisition threshold;
    (b) contracts awarded pursuant to the Javits-Wagner-O'Day Act, 41 
U.S.C. 46-48a; and any future enacted law creating an employment 
preference for some group of workers under building services contracts;
    (c) guard, elevator operator, messenger, or custodial services 
provided to the Government under contracts with sheltered workshops 
employing the severely handicapped as outlined in the Edgar Amendment, 
section 505 of the Treasury, Postal Services and General Government 
Appropriations Act, 1995, Public Law 103-329 [40 U.S.C. 490c];
    (d) agreements for vending facilities entered into under the 
preference provisions of the Randolph-Sheppard Act, 20 U.S.C. 107; or
    (e) services where the contractor's employees perform work at the 
public building and at other locations under contracts not subject to 
this order (e.g., pest control or trash removal where the contractor's 
employees visit the site periodically and where the employees under the 
contract respond to service calls), provided that employees shall not be 
deployed in a manner that is designed to avoid the purposes of this 
order.
    Sec. 4. Contract Clause. The following contract clause shall be 
included in solicitations and contracts for maintenance of public 
buildings that succeed contracts for performance of similar work at the 
same public building:

             ``NONDISPLACEMENT OF QUALIFIED WORKERS

    [``](a) Consistent with the efficient performance of this contract, 
the contractor shall, except as otherwise provided herein, in good faith 
offer those employees (other than managerial and supervisory employees) 
under the predecessor contract whose employment will be terminated as a 
result of award of this contract or the expiration of the contract under 
which the employees were hired, a right of first refusal to employment 
under the contract in positions for which employees are qualified. The 
contractor shall determine the number of employees necessary for 
efficient performance of this contract and may elect to employ fewer 
employees than the predecessor contractor employed in connection with 
performance of the work. Except as provided in paragraph (b), there 
shall be no employment opening under the contract, and the contractor 
shall not offer employment under the contract, to any person prior to 
having complied fully with this obligation. The contractor shall make an 
express offer of employment to each employee as provided herein and 
shall state the time within which the employee must accept such offer, 
but in no case shall the period within which the employee must accept 
the offer of employment be less than 10 days.
    [``](b) Notwithstanding the contractor's obligation under paragraph 
(a) above, the contractor (1) may employ on the contract any employee 
who has worked for the contractor for at least 3 months immediately 
preceding the commencement of this contract and who would otherwise face 
lay-off or discharge, and (2) is not required to offer a right of first 
refusal to any employee(s) of the predecessor contractor who are not 
service employees within the meaning of the McNamara-O'Hara Service 
Contract Act, 41 U.S.C. 357(b), and (3) is not required to offer a right 
of first refusal to any employee(s) of the predecessor contractor whom 
the contractor reasonably believes, based on the particular employee's 
past performance, has failed to perform suitably on the job.
    [``](c) In accordance with Federal Acquisition Regulation 52.222-
41(n), the contractor shall, not less than 60 days before completion of 
this contract, furnish the Contracting Officer a certified list of the 
names of all service employees working at the Federal facility during 
the last month of contract performance. The list shall also contain 
anniversary dates of employment on the contract either with the current 
or predecessor contractors of each service employee. The Contracting 
Officer will provide the list to the successor contractor, and the list 
shall be provided on request to employees or their representatives.
    [``](d) If it is determined, pursuant to regulations issued by the 
Secretary of Labor, that the contractor is not in compliance with the 
requirements of this clause or any regulation or order of the Secretary, 
appropriate sanctions may be imposed and remedies invoked against the 
contractor, as provided in Executive Order No. 12933, the regulations, 
and relevant orders of the Secretary of Labor, or as otherwise provided 
by law.''
    Sec. 5. Enforcement. The Secretary of Labor is responsible for 
investigating and obtaining compliance with this Executive order. In 
such proceedings the Secretary shall have the authority to issue final 
orders prescribing appropriate sanctions and remedies, including, but 
not limited to, orders requiring employment and payment of wages lost. 
The Secretary also may provide that where a contractor has failed to 
comply with any order of the Secretary or has committed willful 
violations of this order or the regulations issued pursuant thereto, the 
contractor and its responsible officers, and any firm in which the 
contractor has a substantial interest, shall be ineligible to be awarded 
any contract or subcontract of the United States for a period of up to 3 
years. This Executive order creates no rights under the Contract 
Disputes Act [41 U.S.C. 601 et seq.], and disputes regarding the 
requirement of the contract clause shall be disposed of only as provided 
by the Secretary of Labor in regulations issued under this Executive 
order. To the extent practicable, such regulations shall favor the 
resolution of disputes by efficient and informal alternative dispute 
resolution methods. The Secretary of Labor shall, in consultation with 
the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council, issue regulations, within 
180 days of the date of this order, to implement the requirements of 
this Executive order. The Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council shall 
issue, within 180 days of the date of this order, regulations in the 
Federal Acquisition Regulation to provide for inclusion of the contract 
clause in Federal solicitations and contracts subject to this Executive 
order.
    Sec. 6. Judicial Review. Nothing in this order is intended to 
provide a constitutional or statutory interpretation of any kind and it 
is not intended, and should not be construed, to create any right or 
benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by a party 
against the United States, its agencies, its officers, or its employees. 
This order is not intended, however, to preclude judicial review of 
final decisions by the Secretary of Labor in accordance with the 
Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 701 et seq.
                                                     William J. Clinton.

Ex. Ord. No. 12954. Ensuring the Economical and Efficient Administration 
             and Completion of Federal Government Contracts

    Ex. Ord. No. 12954, Mar. 8, 1995, 60 F.R. 13023, provided:
    Efficient economic performance and productivity are directly related 
to the existence of cooperative working relationships between employers 
and employees. When Federal contractors become involved in prolonged 
labor disputes with their employees, the Federal Government's economy, 
efficiency, and cost of operations are adversely affected. In order to 
operate as effectively as possible, by receiving timely goods and 
quality services, the Federal Government must assist the entities with 
which it has contractual relations to develop stable relationships with 
their employees.
    An important aspect of a stable collective bargaining relationship 
is the balance between allowing businesses to operate during a strike 
and preserving worker rights. This balance is disrupted when permanent 
replacement employees are hired. It has been found that strikes 
involving permanent replacement workers are longer in duration than 
other strikes. In addition, the use of permanent replacements can change 
a limited dispute into a broader, more contentious struggle, thereby 
exacerbating the problems that initially led to the strike. By 
permanently replacing its workers, an employer loses the accumulated 
knowledge, experience, skill, and expertise of its incumbent employees. 
These circumstances then adversely affect the businesses and entities, 
such as the Federal Government, which rely on that employer to provide 
high quality and reliable goods or services.
    NOW, THEREFORE, to ensure the economical and efficient 
administration and completion of Federal Government contracts, and by 
the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws 
of the United States of America, including 40 U.S.C. 486(a) and 3 U.S.C. 
301, it is hereby ordered as follows:
    Section 1. It is the policy of the executive branch in procuring 
goods and services that, to ensure the economical and efficient 
administration and completion of Federal Government contracts, 
contracting agencies shall not contract with employers that permanently 
replace lawfully striking employees. All discretion under this Executive 
order shall be exercised consistent with this policy.
    Sec. 2. (a) The Secretary of Labor (``Secretary'') may investigate 
an organizational unit of a Federal contractor to determine whether the 
unit has permanently replaced lawfully striking workers. Such 
investigation shall be conducted in accordance with procedures 
established by the Secretary.
    (b) The Secretary shall receive and may investigate complaints by 
employees of any entity covered under section 2(a) of this order where 
such complaints allege lawfully striking employees have been permanently 
replaced.
    (c) The Secretary may hold such hearings, public or private, as he 
or she deems advisable, to determine whether an entity covered under 
section 2(a) has permanently replaced lawfully striking employees.
    Sec. 3. (a) When the Secretary determines that a contractor has 
permanently replaced lawfully striking employees, the Secretary may make 
a finding that it is appropriate to terminate the contract for 
convenience. The Secretary shall transmit that finding to the head of 
any department or agency that contracts with the contractor.
    (b) The head of the contracting department or agency may object to 
the termination for convenience of a contract or contracts of a 
contractor determined to have permanently replaced legally striking 
employees. If the head of the agency so objects, he or she shall set 
forth the reasons for not terminating the contract or contracts in a 
response in writing to the Secretary. In such case, the termination for 
convenience shall not be issued. The head of the contracting agency or 
department shall report to the Secretary those contracts that have been 
terminated for convenience under this section.
    Sec. 4. (a) When the Secretary determines that a contractor has 
permanently replaced lawfully striking employees, the Secretary may 
debar the contractor, thereby making the contractor ineligible to 
receive government contracts. The Secretary shall notify the 
Administrator of the General Services Administration of the debarment, 
and the Administrator shall include the contractor on the consolidated 
list of debarred contractors. Departments and agencies shall not solicit 
offers from, award contracts to, or consent to subcontracts with these 
contractors unless the head of the agency or his or her designee 
determines, in writing, that there is a compelling reason for such 
action, in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation.
    (b) The scope of the debarment normally will be limited to those 
organizational units of a Federal contractor that the Secretary finds to 
have permanently replaced lawfully striking workers.
    (c) The period of the debarment may not extend beyond the date when 
the labor dispute precipitating the permanent replacement of lawfully 
striking workers has been resolved, as determined by the Secretary.
    Sec. 5. The Secretary shall publish or cause to be published, in the 
Federal Register, the names of contractors that have, in the judgement 
of the Secretary, permanently replaced lawfully striking employees and 
have been the subject of debarment.
    Sec. 6. The Secretary shall be responsible for the administration 
and enforcement of this order. The Secretary, after consultation with 
the Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of the General Services, the 
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and 
the Administrator of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy, may adopt 
such rules and regulations and issue such orders as may be deemed 
necessary and appropriate to achieve the purposes of this order.
    Sec. 7. Each contracting department and agency shall cooperate with 
the Secretary and provide such information and assistance as the 
Secretary may require in the performance of the Secretary's functions 
under this order.
    Sec. 8. The Secretary may delegate any function or duty of the 
Secretary under this order to any officer in the Department of Labor or 
to any other officer in the executive branch of the Government, with the 
consent of the head of the department or agency in which that officer 
serves.
    Sec. 9. The Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of the General 
Services, and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration, after consultation with the Administrator of the Office 
of Federal Procurement Policy, shall take whatever action is appropriate 
to implement the provisions of this order and of any related rules, 
regulations, or orders of the Secretary issued pursuant to this order.
    Sec. 10. This order is not intended, and should not be construed, to 
create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at 
law by a party against the United States, its agencies, its officers, or 
its employees. This order is not intended, however, to preclude judicial 
review of final agency decisions in accordance with the Administrative 
Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 701 et seq.
    Sec. 11. The meaning of the term ``organizational unit of a Federal 
contractor'' as used in this order shall be defined in regulations that 
shall be issued by the Secretary of Labor, in consultation with affected 
agencies. This order shall apply only to contracts in excess of the 
Simplified Acquisition Threshold.
    Sec. 12. (a) The provisions of section 3 of this order shall only 
apply to situations in which contractors have permanently replaced 
lawfully striking employees after the effective date of this order.
    (b) This order is effective immediately.
                                                     William J. Clinton.

           Ex. Ord. No. 12977. Interagency Security Committee

    Ex. Ord. No. 12977, Oct. 19, 1995, 60 F.R. 54411, provided:
    By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and 
the laws of the United States of America, and in order to enhance the 
quality and effectiveness of security in and protection of buildings and 
facilities in the United States occupied by Federal employees for 
nonmilitary activities (``Federal facilities''), and to provide a 
permanent body to address continuing government-wide security for 
Federal facilities, it is hereby ordered as follows:
    Section 1. Establishment. There is hereby established within the 
executive branch the Interagency Security Committee (``Committee''). The 
Committee shall consist of: (a) the Administrator of General Services 
(``Administrator'');
    (b) representatives from the following agencies, appointed by the 
agency heads:
    (1) Department of State;
    (2) Department of the Treasury;
    (3) Department of Defense;
    (4) Department of Justice;
    (5) Department of the Interior;
    (6) Department of Agriculture;
    (7) Department of Commerce;
    (8) Department of Labor;
    (9) Department of Health and Human Services;
    (10) Department of Housing and Urban Development;
    (11) Department of Transportation;
    (12) Department of Energy;
    (13) Department of Education;
    (14) Department of Veterans Affairs;
    (15) Environmental Protection Agency;
    (16) Central Intelligence Agency; and
    (17) Office of Management and Budget;
    (c) the following individuals or their designees:
    (1) the Director, United States Marshals Service;
    (2) the Assistant Commissioner of the Federal Protective Service of 
the Public Buildings Service, General Services Administration 
(``Assistant Commissioner'');
    (3) the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; 
and
    (4) the Director, Security Policy Board; and
    (d) such other Federal employees as the President shall appoint.
    Sec. 2. Chair. The Committee shall be chaired by the Administrator, 
or the designee of the Administrator.
    Sec. 3. Working Groups. The Committee is authorized to establish 
interagency working groups to perform such tasks as may be directed by 
the Committee.
    Sec. 4. Consultation. The Committee may consult with other parties, 
including the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, to 
perform its responsibilities under this order, and, at the discretion of 
the Committee, such other parties may participate in the working groups.
    Sec. 5. Duties and Responsibilities. (a) The Committee shall: (1) 
establish policies for security in and protection of Federal facilities;
    (2) develop and evaluate security standards for Federal facilities, 
develop a strategy for ensuring compliance with such standards, and 
oversee the implementation of appropriate security measures in Federal 
facilities; and
    (3) take such actions as may be necessary to enhance the quality and 
effectiveness of security and protection of Federal facilities, 
including but not limited to:
    (A) encouraging agencies with security responsibilities to share 
security-related intelligence in a timely and cooperative manner;
    (B) assessing technology and information systems as a means of 
providing cost-effective improvements to security in Federal facilities;
    (C) developing long-term construction standards for those locations 
with threat levels or missions that require blast resistant structures 
or other specialized security requirements;
    (D) evaluating standards for the location of, and special security 
related to, day care centers in Federal facilities; and
    (E) assisting the Administrator in developing and maintaining a 
centralized security data base of all Federal facilities.
    Sec. 6. Agency Support and Cooperation. (a) Administrative Support. 
To the extent permitted by law and subject to the availability of 
appropriations, the Administrator, acting by and through the Assistant 
Commissioner, shall provide the Committee such administrative services, 
funds, facilities, staff and other support services as may be necessary 
for the performance of its functions under this order.
    (b) Cooperation. Each executive agency and department shall 
cooperate and comply with the policies and recommendations of the 
Committee issued pursuant to this order, except where the Director of 
Central Intelligence determines that compliance would jeopardize 
intelligence sources and methods. To the extent permitted by law and 
subject to the availability of appropriations, executive agencies and 
departments shall provide such support as may be necessary to enable the 
Committee to perform its duties and responsibilities under this order.
    (c) Compliance. The Administrator, acting by and through the 
Assistant Commissioner, shall be responsible for monitoring Federal 
agency compliance with the policies and recommendations of the 
Committee.
    Sec. 7. Judicial Review. This order is intended only to improve the 
internal management of the Federal Government, and is not intended, and 
should not be construed, to create any right or benefit, substantive or 
procedural, enforceable at law by a party against the United States, its 
agencies, its officers, or its employees.
                                                     William J. Clinton.


                            Cross References

    Accounting systems in executive agencies, duties of Comptroller 
General, and continuation of authority vested in him by subsection (b) 
of this section, see section 3512 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

                  Section Referred to in Other Sections

    This section is referred to in sections 474, 475, 486a, 490, 757 of 
this title; title 10 sections 2381, 2572, 4681, 4682, 4684, 4686, 7541, 
7541a, 7542, 7545, 9681, 9682, 9684, 9686; title 31 section 3511; title 
41 sections 257, 421.
