
From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
[wais.access.gpo.gov]
[Laws in effect as of January 23, 2000]
[Document affected by Public Law 106-246 Section 2603]
[CITE: 42USC7403]

 
                 TITLE 42--THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
 
            CHAPTER 85--AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 
                  SUBCHAPTER I--PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES
 
              Part A--Air Quality and Emission Limitations
 
Sec. 7403. Research, investigation, training, and other 
        activities
        

(a) Research and development program for prevention and control of air 
        pollution

    The Administrator shall establish a national research and 
development program for the prevention and control of air pollution and 
as part of such program shall--
        (1) conduct, and promote the coordination and acceleration of, 
    research, investigations, experiments, demonstrations, surveys, and 
    studies relating to the causes, effects (including health and 
    welfare effects), extent, prevention, and control of air pollution;
        (2) encourage, cooperate with, and render technical services and 
    provide financial assistance to air pollution control agencies and 
    other appropriate public or private agencies, institutions, and 
    organizations, and individuals in the conduct of such activities;
        (3) conduct investigations and research and make surveys 
    concerning any specific problem of air pollution in cooperation with 
    any air pollution control agency with a view to recommending a 
    solution of such problem, if he is requested to do so by such agency 
    or if, in his judgment, such problem may affect any community or 
    communities in a State other than that in which the source of the 
    matter causing or contributing to the pollution is located;
        (4) establish technical advisory committees composed of 
    recognized experts in various aspects of air pollution to assist in 
    the examination and evaluation of research progress and proposals 
    and to avoid duplication of research, and
        (5) conduct and promote coordination and acceleration of 
    training for individuals relating to the causes, effects, extent, 
    prevention, and control of air pollution.

(b) Authorized activities of Administrator in establishing research and 
        development program

    In carrying out the provisions of the preceding subsection the 
Administrator is authorized to--
        (1) collect and make available, through publications and other 
    appropriate means, the results of and other information, including 
    appropriate recommendations by him in connection therewith, 
    pertaining to such research and other activities;
        (2) cooperate with other Federal departments and agencies, with 
    air pollution control agencies, with other public and private 
    agencies, institutions, and organizations, and with any industries 
    involved, in the preparation and conduct of such research and other 
    activities;
        (3) make grants to air pollution control agencies, to other 
    public or nonprofit private agencies, institutions, and 
    organizations, and to individuals, for purposes stated in subsection 
    (a)(1) of this section;
        (4) contract with public or private agencies, institutions, and 
    organizations, and with individuals, without regard to section 
    3324(a) and (b) of title 31 and section 5 of title 41;
        (5) establish and maintain research fellowships, in the 
    Environmental Protection Agency and at public or nonprofit private 
    educational institutions or research organizations;
        (6) collect and disseminate, in cooperation with other Federal 
    departments and agencies, and with other public or private agencies, 
    institutions, and organizations having related responsibilities, 
    basic data on chemical, physical, and biological effects of varying 
    air quality and other information pertaining to air pollution and 
    the prevention and control thereof;
        (7) develop effective and practical processes, methods, and 
    prototype devices for the prevention or control of air pollution; 
    and
        (8) construct facilities, provide equipment, and employ staff as 
    necessary to carry out this chapter.

In carrying out the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, the 
Administrator shall provide training for, and make training grants to, 
personnel of air pollution control agencies and other persons with 
suitable qualifications and make grants to such agencies, to other 
public or nonprofit private agencies, institutions, and organizations 
for the purposes stated in subsection (a)(5) of this section. Reasonable 
fees may be charged for such training provided to persons other than 
personnel of air pollution control agencies but such training shall be 
provided to such personnel of air pollution control agencies without 
charge.

(c) Air pollutant monitoring, analysis, modeling, and inventory research

    In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator 
shall conduct a program of research, testing, and development of methods 
for sampling, measurement, monitoring, analysis, and modeling of air 
pollutants. Such program shall include the following elements:
        (1) Consideration of individual, as well as complex mixtures of, 
    air pollutants and their chemical transformations in the atmosphere.
        (2) Establishment of a national network to monitor, collect, and 
    compile data with quantification of certainty in the status and 
    trends of air emissions, deposition, air quality, surface water 
    quality, forest condition, and visibility impairment, and to ensure 
    the comparability of air quality data collected in different States 
    and obtained from different nations.
        (3) Development of improved methods and technologies for 
    sampling, measurement, monitoring, analysis, and modeling to 
    increase understanding of the sources of ozone percursors,\1\ ozone 
    formation, ozone transport, regional influences on urban ozone, 
    regional ozone trends, and interactions of ozone with other 
    pollutants. Emphasis shall be placed on those techniques which--
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    \1\ So in original. Probably should be ``precursors,''.
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            (A) improve the ability to inventory emissions of volatile 
        organic compounds and nitrogen oxides that contribute to urban 
        air pollution, including anthropogenic and natural sources;
            (B) improve the understanding of the mechanism through which 
        anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds react to 
        form ozone and other oxidants; and
            (C) improve the ability to identify and evaluate region-
        specific prevention and control options for ozone pollution.

        (4) Submission of periodic reports to the Congress, not less 
    than once every 5 years, which evaluate and assess the effectiveness 
    of air pollution control regulations and programs using monitoring 
    and modeling data obtained pursuant to this subsection.

(d) Environmental health effects research

    (1) The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Health 
and Human Services, shall conduct a research program on the short-term 
and long-term effects of air pollutants, including wood smoke, on human 
health. In conducting such research program the Administrator--
        (A) shall conduct studies, including epidemiological, clinical, 
    and laboratory and field studies, as necessary to identify and 
    evaluate exposure to and effects of air pollutants on human health;
        (B) may utilize, on a reimbursable basis, the facilities of 
    existing Federal scientific laboratories and research centers; and
        (C) shall consult with other Federal agencies to ensure that 
    similar research being conducted in other agencies is coordinated to 
    avoid duplication.

    (2) In conducting the research program under this subsection, the 
Administrator shall develop methods and techniques necessary to identify 
and assess the risks to human health from both routine and accidental 
exposures to individual air pollutants and combinations thereof. Such 
research program shall include the following elements:
        (A) The creation of an Interagency Task Force to coordinate such 
    program. The Task Force shall include representatives of the 
    National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, the 
    Environmental Protection Agency, the Agency for Toxic Substances and 
    Disease Registry, the National Toxicology Program, the National 
    Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Science 
    Foundation, the Surgeon General, and the Department of Energy. This 
    Interagency Task Force shall be chaired by a representative of the 
    Environmental Protection Agency and shall convene its first meeting 
    within 60 days after November 15, 1990.
        (B) An evaluation, within 12 months after November 15, 1990, of 
    each of the hazardous air pollutants listed under section 7412(b) of 
    this title, to decide, on the basis of available information, their 
    relative priority for preparation of environmental health 
    assessments pursuant to subparagraph (C). The evaluation shall be 
    based on reasonably anticipated toxicity to humans and exposure 
    factors such as frequency of occurrence as an air pollutant and 
    volume of emissions in populated areas. Such evaluation shall be 
    reviewed by the Interagency Task Force established pursuant to 
    subparagraph (A).
        (C) Preparation of environmental health assessments for each of 
    the hazardous air pollutants referred to in subparagraph (B), 
    beginning 6 months after the first meeting of the Interagency Task 
    Force and to be completed within 96 months thereafter. No fewer than 
    24 assessments shall be completed and published annually. The 
    assessments shall be prepared in accordance with guidelines 
    developed by the Administrator in consultation with the Interagency 
    Task Force and the Science Advisory Board of the Environmental 
    Protection Agency. Each such assessment shall include--
            (i) an examination, summary, and evaluation of available 
        toxicological and epidemiological information for the pollutant 
        to ascertain the levels of human exposure which pose a 
        significant threat to human health and the associated acute, 
        subacute, and chronic adverse health effects;
            (ii) a determination of gaps in available information 
        related to human health effects and exposure levels; and
            (iii) where appropriate, an identification of additional 
        activities, including toxicological and inhalation testing, 
        needed to identify the types or levels of exposure which may 
        present significant risk of adverse health effects in humans.

(e) Ecosystem research

    In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator, 
in cooperation, where appropriate, with the Under Secretary of Commerce 
for Oceans and Atmosphere, the Director of the Fish and Wildlife 
Service, and the Secretary of Agriculture, shall conduct a research 
program to improve understanding of the short-term and long-term causes, 
effects, and trends of ecosystems damage from air pollutants on 
ecosystems. Such program shall include the following elements:
        (1) Identification of regionally representative and critical 
    ecosystems for research.
        (2) Evaluation of risks to ecosystems exposed to air pollutants, 
    including characterization of the causes and effects of chronic and 
    episodic exposures to air pollutants and determination of the 
    reversibility of those effects.
        (3) Development of improved atmospheric dispersion models and 
    monitoring systems and networks for evaluating and quantifying 
    exposure to and effects of multiple environmental stresses 
    associated with air pollution.
        (4) Evaluation of the effects of air pollution on water quality, 
    including assessments of the short-term and long-term ecological 
    effects of acid deposition and other atmospherically derived 
    pollutants on surface water (including wetlands and estuaries) and 
    groundwater.
        (5) Evaluation of the effects of air pollution on forests, 
    materials, crops, biological diversity, soils, and other terrestrial 
    and aquatic systems exposed to air pollutants.
        (6) Estimation of the associated economic costs of ecological 
    damage which have occurred as a result of exposure to air 
    pollutants.

Consistent with the purpose of this program, the Administrator may use 
the estuarine research reserves established pursuant to section 1461 of 
title 16 to carry out this research.

(f) Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility

    (1) The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy 
and the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and 
Technology, shall oversee an experimental and analytical research 
effort, with the experimental research to be carried out at the 
Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility. In consultation with the 
Secretary of Energy, the Administrator shall develop a list of chemicals 
and a schedule for field testing at the Facility. Analysis of a minimum 
of 10 chemicals per year shall be carried out, with the selection of a 
minimum of 2 chemicals for field testing each year. Highest priority 
shall be given to those chemicals that would present the greatest 
potential risk to human health as a result of an accidental release--
        (A) from a fixed site; or
        (B) related to the transport of such chemicals.

    (2) The purpose of such research shall be to--
        (A) develop improved predictive models for atmospheric 
    dispersion which at a minimum--
            (i) describe dense gas releases in complex terrain including 
        man-made structures or obstacles with variable winds;
            (ii) improve understanding of the effects of turbulence on 
        dispersion patterns; and
            (iii) consider realistic behavior of aerosols by including 
        physicochemical reactions with water vapor, ground deposition, 
        and removal by water spray;

        (B) evaluate existing and future atmospheric dispersion models 
    by--
            (i) the development of a rigorous, standardized methodology 
        for dense gas models; and
            (ii) the application of such methodology to current dense 
        gas dispersion models using data generated from field 
        experiments; and

        (C) evaluate the effectiveness of hazard mitigation and 
    emergency response technology for fixed site and transportation 
    related accidental releases of toxic chemicals.

Models pertaining to accidental release shall be evaluated and improved 
periodically for their utility in planning and implementing evacuation 
procedures and other mitigative strategies designed to minimize human 
exposure to hazardous air pollutants released accidentally.
    (3) The Secretary of Energy shall make available to interested 
persons (including other Federal agencies and businesses) the use of the 
Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility to conduct research and 
other activities in connection with the activities described in this 
subsection.

(g) Pollution prevention and emissions control

    In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator 
shall conduct a basic engineering research and technology program to 
develop, evaluate, and demonstrate nonregulatory strategies and 
technologies for air pollution prevention. Such strategies and 
technologies shall be developed with priority on those pollutants which 
pose a significant risk to human health and the environment, and with 
opportunities for participation by industry, public interest groups, 
scientists, and other interested persons in the development of such 
strategies and technologies. Such program shall include the following 
elements:
        (1) Improvements in nonregulatory strategies and technologies 
    for preventing or reducing multiple air pollutants, including sulfur 
    oxides, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, PM-10 (particulate matter), 
    carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, from stationary sources, 
    including fossil fuel power plants. Such strategies and technologies 
    shall include improvements in the relative cost effectiveness and 
    long-range implications of various air pollutant reduction and 
    nonregulatory control strategies such as energy conservation, 
    including end-use efficiency, and fuel-switching to cleaner fuels. 
    Such strategies and technologies shall be considered for existing 
    and new facilities.
        (2) Improvements in nonregulatory strategies and technologies 
    for reducing air emissions from area sources.
        (3) Improvements in nonregulatory strategies and technologies 
    for preventing, detecting, and correcting accidental releases of 
    hazardous air pollutants.
        (4) Improvements in nonregulatory strategies and technologies 
    that dispose of tires in ways that avoid adverse air quality 
    impacts.

Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to authorize the 
imposition on any person of air pollution control requirements. The 
Administrator shall consult with other appropriate Federal agencies to 
ensure coordination and to avoid duplication of activities authorized 
under this subsection.

(h) NIEHS studies

    (1) The Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health 
Sciences may conduct a program of basic research to identify, 
characterize, and quantify risks to human health from air pollutants. 
Such research shall be conducted primarily through a combination of 
university and medical school-based grants, as well as through 
intramural studies and contracts.
    (2) The Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health 
Sciences shall conduct a program for the education and training of 
physicians in environmental health.
    (3) The Director shall assure that such programs shall not conflict 
with research undertaken by the Administrator.
    (4) There are authorized to be appropriated to the National 
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences such sums as may be necessary 
to carry out the purposes of this subsection.

(i) Coordination of research

    The Administrator shall develop and implement a plan for identifying 
areas in which activities authorized under this section can be carried 
out in conjunction with other Federal ecological and air pollution 
research efforts. The plan, which shall be submitted to Congress within 
6 months after November 15, 1990, shall include--
        (1) an assessment of ambient monitoring stations and networks to 
    determine cost effective ways to expand monitoring capabilities in 
    both urban and rural environments;
        (2) a consideration of the extent of the feasibility and 
    scientific value of conducting the research program under subsection 
    (e) of this section to include consideration of the effects of 
    atmospheric processes and air pollution effects; and
        (3) a methodology for evaluating and ranking pollution 
    prevention technologies, such as those developed under subsection 
    (g) of this section, in terms of their ability to reduce cost 
    effectively the emissions of air pollutants and other airborne 
    chemicals of concern.

Not later than 2 years after November 15, 1990, and every 4 years 
thereafter, the Administrator shall report to Congress on the progress 
made in implementing the plan developed under this subsection, and shall 
include in such report any revisions of the plan.

(j) Continuation of national acid precipitation assessment program

    (1) The acid precipitation research program set forth in the Acid 
Precipitation Act of 1980 [42 U.S.C. 8901 et seq.] shall be continued 
with modifications pursuant to this subsection.
    (2) The Acid Precipitation Task Force shall consist of the 
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Secretary of 
Energy, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the 
Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 
the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 
and such additional members as the President may select. The President 
shall appoint a chairman for the Task Force from among its members 
within 30 days after November 15, 1990.
    (3) The responsibilities of the Task Force shall include the 
following:
        (A) Review of the status of research activities conducted to 
    date under the comprehensive research plan developed pursuant to the 
    Acid Precipitation Act of 1980 [42 U.S.C. 8901 et seq.], and 
    development of a revised plan that identifies significant research 
    gaps and establishes a coordinated program to address current and 
    future research priorities. A draft of the revised plan shall be 
    submitted by the Task Force to Congress within 6 months after 
    November 15, 1990. The plan shall be available for public comment 
    during the 60 day period after its submission, and a final plan 
    shall be submitted by the President to the Congress within 45 days 
    after the close of the comment period.
        (B) Coordination with participating Federal agencies, augmenting 
    the agencies' research and monitoring efforts and sponsoring 
    additional research in the scientific community as necessary to 
    ensure the availability and quality of data and methodologies needed 
    to evaluate the status and effectiveness of the acid deposition 
    control program. Such research and monitoring efforts shall include, 
    but not be limited to--
            (i) continuous monitoring of emissions of precursors of acid 
        deposition;
            (ii) maintenance, upgrading, and application of models, such 
        as the Regional Acid Deposition Model, that describe the 
        interactions of emissions with the atmosphere, and models that 
        describe the response of ecosystems to acid deposition; and
            (iii) analysis of the costs, benefits, and effectiveness of 
        the acid deposition control program.

        (C) Publication and maintenance of a National Acid Lakes 
    Registry that tracks the condition and change over time of a 
    statistically representative sample of lakes in regions that are 
    known to be sensitive to surface water acidification.
        (D) Submission every two years of a unified budget 
    recommendation to the President for activities of the Federal 
    Government in connection with the research program described in this 
    subsection.
        (E) Beginning in 1992 and biennially thereafter, submission of a 
    report to Congress describing the results of its investigations and 
    analyses. The reporting of technical information about acid 
    deposition shall be provided in a format that facilitates 
    communication with policymakers and the public. The report shall 
    include--
            (i) actual and projected emissions and acid deposition 
        trends;
            (ii) average ambient concentrations of acid deposition 
        percursors \2\ and their transformation products;
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    \2\ So in original. Probably should be ``precursors''.
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            (iii) the status of ecosystems (including forests and 
        surface waters), materials, and visibility affected by acid 
        deposition;
            (iv) the causes and effects of such deposition, including 
        changes in surface water quality and forest and soil conditions;
            (v) the occurrence and effects of episodic acidification, 
        particularly with respect to high elevation watersheds; and
            (vi) the confidence level associated with each conclusion to 
        aid policymakers in use of the information.

        (F) Beginning in 1996, and every 4 years thereafter, the report 
    under subparagraph (E) shall include--
            (i) the reduction in deposition rates that must be achieved 
        in order to prevent adverse ecological effects; and
            (ii) the costs and benefits of the acid deposition control 
        program created by subchapter IV-A of this chapter.

(k) Air pollution conferences

    If, in the judgment of the Administrator, an air pollution problem 
of substantial significance may result from discharge or discharges into 
the atmosphere, the Administrator may call a conference concerning this 
potential air pollution problem to be held in or near one or more of the 
places where such discharge or discharges are occurring or will occur. 
All interested persons shall be given an opportunity to be heard at such 
conference, either orally or in writing, and shall be permitted to 
appear in person or by representative in accordance with procedures 
prescribed by the Administrator. If the Administrator finds, on the 
basis of the evidence presented at such conference, that the discharge 
or discharges if permitted to take place or continue are likely to cause 
or contribute to air pollution subject to abatement under this part, the 
Administrator shall send such findings, together with recommendations 
concerning the measures which the Administrator finds reasonable and 
suitable to prevent such pollution, to the person or persons whose 
actions will result in the discharge or discharges involved; to air 
pollution agencies of the State or States and of the municipality or 
municipalities where such discharge or discharges will originate; and to 
the interstate air pollution control agency, if any, in the 
jurisdictional area of which any such municipality is located. Such 
findings and recommendations shall be advisory only, but shall be 
admitted together with the record of the conference, as part of the 
proceedings under subsections (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) of section 
7408 of this title.

(July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title I, Sec. 103, formerly Sec. 3, as added 
Pub. L. 88-206, Sec. 1, Dec. 17, 1963, 77 Stat. 394; renumbered Sec. 103 
and amended Pub. L. 89-272, title I, Secs. 101(3), 103, Oct. 20, 1965, 
79 Stat. 992, 996; Pub. L. 90-148, Sec. 2, Nov. 21, 1967, 81 Stat. 486; 
Pub. L. 91-604, Secs. 2(a), 4(2), 15(a)(2), (c)(2), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 
Stat. 1676, 1689, 1710, 1713; Pub. L. 95-95, title I, Sec. 101(a), (b), 
Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 686, 687; Pub. L. 101-549, title IX, Sec. 901(a)-
(c), Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2700-2703.)

                       References in Text

    The Acid Precipitation Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (j)(1), 
(3)(A), is title VII of Pub. L. 96-294, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 770, 
which is classified generally to chapter 97 (Sec. 8901 et seq.) of this 
title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short 
Title note set out under section 8901 of this title and Tables.

                          Codification

    In subsec. (b)(4), ``section 3324(a) and (b) of title 31'' 
substituted for reference to section 3648 of the Revised Statutes (31 
U.S.C. 529) on authority of Pub. L. 97-258, Sec. 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 
96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and 
Finance.
    Section was formerly classified to section 1857b of this title.


                            Prior Provisions

    Provisions similar to those in subsec. (a)(3) of this section were 
contained in subsec. (a) of a prior section 1857b of this title, act 
July 14, 1955, ch. 360, Sec. 3, 69 Stat. 322, as amended Oct. 9, 1962, 
Pub. L. 87-761, Sec. 2, 76 Stat. 760, prior to the general amendment of 
this chapter by Pub. L. 88-206.
    Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in prior 
sections 1857a to 1857d of this title, act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 
Secs. 2 to 5, 69 Stat. 322 (section 1857b as amended Oct. 9, 1962, Pub. 
L. 87-761, Sec. 2, 76 Stat. 760; section 1857d as amended Sept. 22, 
1959, Pub. L. 86-365, Sec. 1, 73 Stat. 646 and Oct. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-
761, Sec. 1, 76 Stat. 760), prior to the general amendment of this 
chapter by Pub. L. 88-206.


                               Amendments

    1990--Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 901(a)(1), inserted 
``(including health and welfare effects)'' after ``effects''.
    Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 901(a)(2), which directed 
amendment of subsec. (b) by adding par. (8) at end, was executed by 
adding par. (8) after par. (7) to reflect the probable intent of 
Congress.
    Subsecs. (c) to (f). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 901(b), amended subsecs. 
(c) to (f) generally, substituting present provisions for provisions 
which related to: in subsec. (c), results of other scientific studies; 
in subsec. (d), construction of facilities; in subsec. (e), potential 
air pollution problems, conferences, and findings and recommendations of 
the Administrator; and, in subsec. (f), accelerated research programs.
    Subsecs. (g) to (k). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 901(c), added subsecs. 
(g) to (k).
    1977--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 101(b), struck out reference 
to ``training'' in par. (1) and added par. (5).
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 101(a), struck out par. (5) which 
provided for training and training grants to personnel of air pollution 
control agencies and other persons with suitable qualifications, 
redesignated pars. (6), (7), and (8) as (5), (6), and (7), respectively, 
and, following par. (7) as so redesignated, inserted provisions 
directing the Administrator, in carrying out subsec. (a), to provide 
training for, and make training grants to, personnel of air pollution 
control agencies and other persons with suitable qualifications and to 
make grants to such agencies, to other public or nonprofit private 
agencies, institutions, and organizations for the purposes stated in 
subsec. (a)(5) and allowing reasonable fees to be charged for such 
training provided to persons other than personnel of air pollution 
control agencies but requiring that such training be provided to such 
personnel of air pollution control agencies without charge.
    1970--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91-604, Sec. 15(c)(2), substituted 
``Administrator'' for ``Secretary''.
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91-604, Sec. 15(c)(2), substituted 
``Administrator'' for ``Secretary'' and ``Environmental Protection 
Agency'' for ``Department of Health, Education, and Welfare''.
    Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91-604, Sec. 15(a)(2), (c)(2), substituted 
``Administrator'' for ``Secretary'' and ``air pollutants'' for ``air 
pollution agents (or combinations of agents)''.
    Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91-604, Sec. 15(c)(2), substituted 
``Administrator'' for ``Secretary''.
    Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 91-604, Sec. 15(c)(2), substituted 
``Administrator'' for ``Secretary'' wherever appearing, substituted 
``7415'' for ``7415(a)'', and inserted references to subsecs. (b) and 
(c) of section 7415 of this title.
    Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 91-604, Sec. 2(a), added subsec. (f).
    1967--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90-148 substituted ``establish technical 
advisory committees composed of recognized experts in various aspects of 
air pollution to assist in the examination and evaluation of research 
progress and proposals and to avoid duplication of research'' for 
``initiate and conduct a program of research directed toward the 
development of improved, low-cost techniques for extracting sulfur from 
fuels'' as cl. (4) and struck out cl. (5) which related to research 
programs relating to the control of hydrocarbon emissions from 
evaporation of gasoline and nitrogen and aldehyde oxide emission from 
gasoline and diesel powered vehicles and relating to the development of 
improved low-cost techniques to reduce emissions of oxides of sulfur 
produced by the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels.
    Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 90-148 struck out provision for promulgation of 
criteria in the case of particular air pollution agents present in the 
air in certain quantities reflecting the latest scientific knowledge and 
allowing for availability and revision and provided for recommendation 
by Secretary of air quality criteria.
    Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 90-148 substituted references to subsections 
(d), (e), and (f) of section 7415 of this title for references to 
subsections (c), (d), and (e) of section 7415 of this title in provision 
for admission of advisory findings and recommendations together with the 
record of the conference and made such findings and recommendations part 
of the proceedings of the conference, not merely part of the record of 
proceedings.
    1965--Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 89-272, Sec. 103(3), added par. (5).
    Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 89-272, Sec. 103(4), added subsecs. (d) 
and (e).


                    Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

    Amendment by Pub. L. 95-95 effective Aug. 7, 1977, except as 
otherwise expressly provided, see section 406(d) of Pub. L. 95-95, set 
out as a note under section 7401 of this title.


       Modification or Rescission of Rules, Regulations, Orders, 
Determinations, Contracts, Certifications, Authorizations, Delegations, 
                            and Other Actions

    All rules, regulations, orders, determinations, contracts, 
certifications, authorizations, delegations, or other actions duly 
issued, made, or taken by or pursuant to act July 14, 1955, the Clean 
Air Act, as in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of Pub. 
L. 95-95 [Aug. 7, 1977] to continue in full force and effect until 
modified or rescinded in accordance with act July 14, 1955, as amended 
by Pub. L. 95-95 [this chapter], see section 406(b) of Pub. L. 95-95, 
set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 7401 
of this title.


                   Termination of Advisory Committees

    Advisory committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not 
later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, 
unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an 
officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by 
appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in 
the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is 
otherwise provided by law. See section 14 of Pub. L. 92-463, Oct. 6, 
1972, 86 Stat. 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government 
Organization and Employees.


                      National Acid Lakes Registry

    Section 405 of Pub. L. 101-549 provided that: ``The Administrator of 
the Environmental Protection Agency shall create a National Acid Lakes 
Registry that shall list, to the extent practical, all lakes that are 
known to be acidified due to acid deposition, and shall publish such 
list within one year of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 1990]. Lakes 
shall be added to the registry as they become acidic or as data becomes 
available to show they are acidic. Lakes shall be deleted from the 
registry as they become nonacidic.''


     Assessment of International Air Pollution Control Technologies

    Section 901(e) of Pub. L. 101-549 directed Administrator of 
Environmental Protection Agency to conduct a study that compares 
international air pollution control technologies of selected 
industrialized countries to determine if there exist air pollution 
control technologies in countries outside the United States that may 
have beneficial applications to this Nation's air pollution control 
efforts, including, with respect to each country studied, the topics of 
urban air quality, motor vehicle emissions, toxic air emissions, and 
acid deposition, and within 2 years after Nov. 15, 1990, submit to 
Congress a report detailing the results of such study.


                 Western States Acid Deposition Research

    Section 901(g) of Pub. L. 101-549 provided that:
    ``(1) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall 
sponsor monitoring and research and submit to Congress annual and 
periodic assessment reports on--
        ``(A) the occurrence and effects of acid deposition on surface 
    waters located in that part of the United States west of the 
    Mississippi River;
        ``(B) the occurrence and effects of acid deposition on high 
    elevation ecosystems (including forests, and surface waters); and
        ``(C) the occurrence and effects of episodic acidification, 
    particularly with respect to high elevation watersheds.
    ``(2) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall 
analyze data generated from the studies conducted under paragraph (1), 
data from the Western Lakes Survey, and other appropriate research and 
utilize predictive modeling techniques that take into account the unique 
geographic, climatological, and atmospheric conditions which exist in 
the western United States to determine the potential occurrence and 
effects of acid deposition due to any projected increases in the 
emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in that part of the 
United States located west of the Mississippi River. The Administrator 
shall include the results of the project conducted under this paragraph 
in the reports issued to Congress under paragraph (1).''


   Consultation With Committee on Science of House of Representatives

    Section 101(c) of Pub. L. 95-95 provided that: ``The Administrator 
of the Environmental Protection Agency shall consult with the House 
Committee on Science and Technology [now Committee on Science] on the 
environmental and atmospheric research, development, and demonstration 
aspects of this Act [see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note set out 
under section 7401 of this title]. In addition, the reports and studies 
required by this Act that relate to research, development, and 
demonstration issues shall be transmitted to the Committee on Science 
and Technology [now Committee on Science] at the same time they are made 
available to other committees of the Congress.''


     Study of Substances Discharged From Exhausts of Motor Vehicles

    Pub. L. 86-493, June 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 162, directed Surgeon General 
of Public Health Service to conduct a thorough study for purposes of 
determining, with respect to the various substances discharged from 
exhausts of motor vehicles, the amounts and kinds of such substances 
which, from the standpoint of human health, it is safe for motor 
vehicles to discharge into the atmosphere under the various conditions 
under which such vehicles may operate, and, not later than two years 
after June 8, 1960, submit to Congress a report on results of the study, 
together with such recommendations, if any, based upon the findings made 
in such study, as he deemed necessary for the protection of the public 
health.

                  Section Referred to in Other Sections

    This section is referred to in section 7412 of this title.
