
From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
[wais.access.gpo.gov]
[Laws in effect as of January 23, 2000]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
  January 23, 2000 and December 4, 2001]
[CITE: 42USC7407]

 
                 TITLE 42--THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
 
            CHAPTER 85--AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 
                  SUBCHAPTER I--PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES
 
              Part A--Air Quality and Emission Limitations
 
Sec. 7407. Air quality control regions


(a) Responsibility of each State for air quality; submission of 
        implementation plan

    Each State shall have the primary responsibility for assuring air 
quality within the entire geographic area comprising such State by 
submitting an implementation plan for such State which will specify the 
manner in which national primary and secondary ambient air quality 
standards will be achieved and maintained within each air quality 
control region in such State.

(b) Designated regions

    For purposes of developing and carrying out implementation plans 
under section 7410 of this title--
        (1) an air quality control region designated under this section 
    before December 31, 1970, or a region designated after such date 
    under subsection (c) of this section, shall be an air quality 
    control region; and
        (2) the portion of such State which is not part of any such 
    designated region shall be an air quality control region, but such 
    portion may be subdivided by the State into two or more air quality 
    control regions with the approval of the Administrator.

(c) Authority of Administrator to designate regions; notification of 
        Governors of affected States

    The Administrator shall, within 90 days after December 31, 1970, 
after consultation with appropriate State and local authorities, 
designate as an air quality control region any interstate area or major 
intrastate area which he deems necessary or appropriate for the 
attainment and maintenance of ambient air quality standards. The 
Administrator shall immediately notify the Governors of the affected 
States of any designation made under this subsection.

(d) Designations

                     (1) Designations generally

        (A) Submission by Governors of initial designations following 
                promulgation of new or revised standards

            By such date as the Administrator may reasonably require, 
        but not later than 1 year after promulgation of a new or revised 
        national ambient air quality standard for any pollutant under 
        section 7409 of this title, the Governor of each State shall 
        (and at any other time the Governor of a State deems appropriate 
        the Governor may) submit to the Administrator a list of all 
        areas (or portions thereof) in the State, designating as--
                (i) nonattainment, any area that does not meet (or that 
            contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that 
            does not meet) the national primary or secondary ambient air 
            quality standard for the pollutant,
                (ii) attainment, any area (other than an area identified 
            in clause (i)) that meets the national primary or secondary 
            ambient air quality standard for the pollutant, or
                (iii) unclassifiable, any area that cannot be classified 
            on the basis of available information as meeting or not 
            meeting the national primary or secondary ambient air 
            quality standard for the pollutant.

        The Administrator may not require the Governor to submit the 
        required list sooner than 120 days after promulgating a new or 
        revised national ambient air quality standard.

        (B) Promulgation by EPA of designations

            (i) Upon promulgation or revision of a national ambient air 
        quality standard, the Administrator shall promulgate the 
        designations of all areas (or portions thereof) submitted under 
        subparagraph (A) as expeditiously as practicable, but in no case 
        later than 2 years from the date of promulgation of the new or 
        revised national ambient air quality standard. Such period may 
        be extended for up to one year in the event the Administrator 
        has insufficient information to promulgate the designations.
            (ii) In making the promulgations required under clause (i), 
        the Administrator may make such modifications as the 
        Administrator deems necessary to the designations of the areas 
        (or portions thereof) submitted under subparagraph (A) 
        (including to the boundaries of such areas or portions thereof). 
        Whenever the Administrator intends to make a modification, the 
        Administrator shall notify the State and provide such State with 
        an opportunity to demonstrate why any proposed modification is 
        inappropriate. The Administrator shall give such notification no 
        later than 120 days before the date the Administrator 
        promulgates the designation, including any modification thereto. 
        If the Governor fails to submit the list in whole or in part, as 
        required under subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall 
        promulgate the designation that the Administrator deems 
        appropriate for any area (or portion thereof) not designated by 
        the State.
            (iii) If the Governor of any State, on the Governor's own 
        motion, under subparagraph (A), submits a list of areas (or 
        portions thereof) in the State designated as nonattainment, 
        attainment, or unclassifiable, the Administrator shall act on 
        such designations in accordance with the procedures under 
        paragraph (3) (relating to redesignation).
            (iv) A designation for an area (or portion thereof) made 
        pursuant to this subsection shall remain in effect until the 
        area (or portion thereof) is redesignated pursuant to paragraph 
        (3) or (4).

        (C) Designations by operation of law

            (i) Any area designated with respect to any air pollutant 
        under the provisions of paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) of this 
        subsection (as in effect immediately before November 15, 1990) 
        is designated, by operation of law, as a nonattainment area for 
        such pollutant within the meaning of subparagraph (A)(i).
            (ii) Any area designated with respect to any air pollutant 
        under the provisions of paragraph (1)(E) (as in effect 
        immediately before November 15, 1990) is designated by operation 
        of law, as an attainment area for such pollutant within the 
        meaning of subparagraph (A)(ii).
            (iii) Any area designated with respect to any air pollutant 
        under the provisions of paragraph (1)(D) (as in effect 
        immediately before November 15, 1990) is designated, by 
        operation of law, as an unclassifiable area for such pollutant 
        within the meaning of subparagraph (A)(iii).

         (2) Publication of designations and redesignations

        (A) The Administrator shall publish a notice in the Federal 
    Register promulgating any designation under paragraph (1) or (5), or 
    announcing any designation under paragraph (4), or promulgating any 
    redesignation under paragraph (3).
        (B) Promulgation or announcement of a designation under 
    paragraph (1), (4) or (5) shall not be subject to the provisions of 
    sections 553 through 557 of title 5 (relating to notice and 
    comment), except nothing herein shall be construed as precluding 
    such public notice and comment whenever possible.

                          (3) Redesignation

        (A) Subject to the requirements of subparagraph (E), and on the 
    basis of air quality data, planning and control considerations, or 
    any other air quality-related considerations the Administrator deems 
    appropriate, the Administrator may at any time notify the Governor 
    of any State that available information indicates that the 
    designation of any area or portion of an area within the State or 
    interstate area should be revised. In issuing such notification, 
    which shall be public, to the Governor, the Administrator shall 
    provide such information as the Administrator may have available 
    explaining the basis for the notice.
        (B) No later than 120 days after receiving a notification under 
    subparagraph (A), the Governor shall submit to the Administrator 
    such redesignation, if any, of the appropriate area (or areas) or 
    portion thereof within the State or interstate area, as the Governor 
    considers appropriate.
        (C) No later than 120 days after the date described in 
    subparagraph (B) (or paragraph (1)(B)(iii)), the Administrator shall 
    promulgate the redesignation, if any, of the area or portion 
    thereof, submitted by the Governor in accordance with subparagraph 
    (B), making such modifications as the Administrator may deem 
    necessary, in the same manner and under the same procedure as is 
    applicable under clause (ii) of paragraph (1)(B), except that the 
    phrase ``60 days'' shall be substituted for the phrase ``120 days'' 
    in that clause. If the Governor does not submit, in accordance with 
    subparagraph (B), a redesignation for an area (or portion thereof) 
    identified by the Administrator under subparagraph (A), the 
    Administrator shall promulgate such redesignation, if any, that the 
    Administrator deems appropriate.
        (D) The Governor of any State may, on the Governor's own motion, 
    submit to the Administrator a revised designation of any area or 
    portion thereof within the State. Within 18 months of receipt of a 
    complete State redesignation submittal, the Administrator shall 
    approve or deny such redesignation. The submission of a 
    redesignation by a Governor shall not affect the effectiveness or 
    enforceability of the applicable implementation plan for the State.
        (E) The Administrator may not promulgate a redesignation of a 
    nonattainment area (or portion thereof) to attainment unless--
            (i) the Administrator determines that the area has attained 
        the national ambient air quality standard;
            (ii) the Administrator has fully approved the applicable 
        implementation plan for the area under section 7410(k) of this 
        title;
            (iii) the Administrator determines that the improvement in 
        air quality is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in 
        emissions resulting from implementation of the applicable 
        implementation plan and applicable Federal air pollutant control 
        regulations and other permanent and enforceable reductions;
            (iv) the Administrator has fully approved a maintenance plan 
        for the area as meeting the requirements of section 7505a of 
        this title; and
            (v) the State containing such area has met all requirements 
        applicable to the area under section 7410 of this title and part 
        D of this subchapter.

        (F) The Administrator shall not promulgate any redesignation of 
    any area (or portion thereof) from nonattainment to unclassifiable.

     (4) Nonattainment designations for ozone, carbon monoxide 
                       and particulate matter (PM-10)

        (A) Ozone and carbon monoxide

            (i) Within 120 days after November 15, 1990, each Governor 
        of each State shall submit to the Administrator a list that 
        designates, affirms or reaffirms the designation of, or 
        redesignates (as the case may be), all areas (or portions 
        thereof) of the Governor's State as attainment, nonattainment, 
        or unclassifiable with respect to the national ambient air 
        quality standards for ozone and carbon monoxide.
            (ii) No later than 120 days after the date the Governor is 
        required to submit the list of areas (or portions thereof) 
        required under clause (i) of this subparagraph, the 
        Administrator shall promulgate such designations, making such 
        modifications as the Administrator may deem necessary, in the 
        same manner, and under the same procedure, as is applicable 
        under clause (ii) of paragraph (1)(B), except that the phrase 
        ``60 days'' shall be substituted for the phrase ``120 days'' in 
        that clause. If the Governor does not submit, in accordance with 
        clause (i) of this subparagraph, a designation for an area (or 
        portion thereof), the Administrator shall promulgate the 
        designation that the Administrator deems appropriate.
            (iii) No nonattainment area may be redesignated as an 
        attainment area under this subparagraph.
            (iv) Notwithstanding paragraph (1)(C)(ii) of this 
        subsection, if an ozone or carbon monoxide nonattainment area 
        located within a metropolitan statistical area or consolidated 
        metropolitan statistical area (as established by the Bureau of 
        the Census) is classified under part D of this subchapter as a 
        Serious, Severe, or Extreme Area, the boundaries of such area 
        are hereby revised (on the date 45 days after such 
        classification) by operation of law to include the entire 
        metropolitan statistical area or consolidated metropolitan 
        statistical area, as the case may be, unless within such 45-day 
        period the Governor (in consultation with State and local air 
        pollution control agencies) notifies the Administrator that 
        additional time is necessary to evaluate the application of 
        clause (v). Whenever a Governor has submitted such a notice to 
        the Administrator, such boundary revision shall occur on the 
        later of the date 8 months after such classification or 14 
        months after November 15, 1990, unless the Governor makes the 
        finding referred to in clause (v), and the Administrator concurs 
        in such finding, within such period. Except as otherwise 
        provided in this paragraph, a boundary revision under this 
        clause or clause (v) shall apply for purposes of any State 
        implementation plan revision required to be submitted after 
        November 15, 1990.
            (v) Whenever the Governor of a State has submitted a notice 
        under clause (iv), the Governor, in consultation with State and 
        local air pollution control agencies, shall undertake a study to 
        evaluate whether the entire metropolitan statistical area or 
        consolidated metropolitan statistical area should be included 
        within the nonattainment area. Whenever a Governor finds and 
        demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Administrator, and the 
        Administrator concurs in such finding, that with respect to a 
        portion of a metropolitan statistical area or consolidated 
        metropolitan statistical area, sources in the portion do not 
        contribute significantly to violation of the national ambient 
        air quality standard, the Administrator shall approve the 
        Governor's request to exclude such portion from the 
        nonattainment area. In making such finding, the Governor and the 
        Administrator shall consider factors such as population density, 
        traffic congestion, commercial development, industrial 
        development, meteorological conditions, and pollution transport.

        (B) PM-10 designations

            By operation of law, until redesignation by the 
        Administrator pursuant to paragraph (3)--
                (i) each area identified in 52 Federal Register 29383 
            (Aug. 7, 1987) as a Group I area (except to the extent that 
            such identification was modified by the Administrator before 
            November 15, 1990) is designated nonattainment for PM-10;
                (ii) any area containing a site for which air quality 
            monitoring data show a violation of the national ambient air 
            quality standard for PM-10 before January 1, 1989 (as 
            determined under part 50, appendix K of title 40 of the Code 
            of Federal Regulations) is hereby designated nonattainment 
            for PM-10; and
                (iii) each area not described in clause (i) or (ii) is 
            hereby designated unclassifiable for PM-10.

        Any designation for particulate matter (measured in terms of 
        total suspended particulates) that the Administrator promulgated 
        pursuant to this subsection (as in effect immediately before 
        November 15, 1990) shall remain in effect for purposes of 
        implementing the maximum allowable increases in concentrations 
        of particulate matter (measured in terms of total suspended 
        particulates) pursuant to section 7473(b) of this title, until 
        the Administrator determines that such designation is no longer 
        necessary for that purpose.

                      (5) Designations for lead

        The Administrator may, in the Administrator's discretion at any 
    time the Administrator deems appropriate, require a State to 
    designate areas (or portions thereof) with respect to the national 
    ambient air quality standard for lead in effect as of November 15, 
    1990, in accordance with the procedures under subparagraphs (A) and 
    (B) of paragraph (1), except that in applying subparagraph (B)(i) of 
    paragraph (1) the phrase ``2 years from the date of promulgation of 
    the new or revised national ambient air quality standard'' shall be 
    replaced by the phrase ``1 year from the date the Administrator 
    notifies the State of the requirement to designate areas with 
    respect to the standard for lead''.

(e) Redesignation of air quality control regions

    (1) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (2), the Governor of 
each State is authorized, with the approval of the Administrator, to 
redesignate from time to time the air quality control regions within 
such State for purposes of efficient and effective air quality 
management. Upon such redesignation, the list under subsection (d) of 
this section shall be modified accordingly.
    (2) In the case of an air quality control region in a State, or part 
of such region, which the Administrator finds may significantly affect 
air pollution concentrations in another State, the Governor of the State 
in which such region, or part of a region, is located may redesignate 
from time to time the boundaries of so much of such air quality control 
region as is located within such State only with the approval of the 
Administrator and with the consent of all Governors of all States which 
the Administrator determines may be significantly affected.
    (3) No compliance date extension granted under section 7413(d)(5) 
\1\ of this title (relating to coal conversion) shall cease to be 
effective by reason of the regional limitation provided in section 
7413(d)(5) \1\ of this title if the violation of such limitation is due 
solely to a redesignation of a region under this subsection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ See References in Text note below.
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(July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title I, Sec. 107, as added Pub. L. 91-604, 
Sec. 4(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1678; amended Pub. L. 95-95, title I, 
Sec. 103, Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 687; Pub. L. 101-549, title I, 
Sec. 101(a), Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2399.)

                       References in Text

    Section 7413 of this title, referred to in subsec. (e)(3), was 
amended generally by Pub. L. 101-549, title VII, Sec. 701, Nov. 15, 
1990, 104 Stat. 2672, and, as so amended, subsec. (d) of section 7413 no 
longer relates to final compliance orders.

                          Codification

    Section was formerly classified to section 1857c-2 of this title.


                            Prior Provisions

    A prior section 107 of act July 14, 1955, as added Nov. 21, 1967, 
Pub. L. 90-148, Sec. 2, 81 Stat. 490, related to air quality control 
regions and was classified to section 1857c-2 of this title, prior to 
repeal by Pub. L. 91-604.
    Another prior section 107 of act July 14, 1955, as added Dec. 17, 
1963, Pub. L. 88-206, Sec. 1, 77 Stat. 399, was renumbered section 111 
by Pub. L. 90-148 and is classified to section 7411 of this title.


                               Amendments

    1990--Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101-549 amended subsec. (d) generally, 
substituting present provisions for provisions which required States to 
submit lists of regions not in compliance on Aug. 7, 1977, with certain 
air quality standards to be submitted to the Administrator, and which 
authorized States to revise and resubmit such lists from time to time.
    1977--Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 95-95 added subsecs. (d) and (e).


                    Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

    Amendment by Pub. L. 95-95 effective Aug. 7, 1977, except as 
otherwise expressly provided, see section 406(d) of Pub. L. 95-95, set 
out as a note under section 7401 of this title.


                 Ozone and Particulate Matter Standards

    Pub. L. 105-178, title VI, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 463, provided 
that:
``SEC. 6101. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE.
    ``(a) The Congress finds that--
        ``(1) there is a lack of air quality monitoring data for fine 
    particle levels, measured as PM<INF>2.5</INF>, in the United States 
    and the States should receive full funding for the monitoring 
    efforts;
        ``(2) such data would provide a basis for designating areas as 
    attainment or nonattainment for any PM<INF>2.5</INF> national 
    ambient air quality standards pursuant to the standards promulgated 
    in July 1997;
        ``(3) the President of the United States directed the 
    Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (referred to in 
    this title as the `Administrator') in a memorandum dated July 16, 
    1997, to complete the next periodic review of the particulate matter 
    national ambient air quality standards by July 2002 in order to 
    determine `whether to revise or maintain the standards';
        ``(4) the Administrator has stated that 3 years of air quality 
    monitoring data for fine particle levels, measured as 
    PM<INF>2.5</INF> and performed in accordance with any applicable 
    Federal reference methods, is appropriate for designating areas as 
    attainment or nonattainment pursuant to the July 1997 promulgated 
    standards; and
        ``(5) the Administrator has acknowledged that in drawing 
    boundaries for attainment and nonattainment areas for the July 1997 
    ozone national air quality standards, Governors would benefit from 
    considering implementation guidance from EPA on drawing area 
    boundaries.
    ``(b) The purposes of this title are--
        ``(1) to ensure that 3 years of air quality monitoring data 
    regarding fine particle levels are gathered for use in the 
    determination of area attainment or nonattainment designations 
    respecting any PM<INF>2.5</INF> national ambient air quality 
    standards;
        ``(2) to ensure that the Governors have adequate time to 
    consider implementation guidance from EPA on drawing area boundaries 
    prior to submitting area designations respecting the July 1997 ozone 
    national ambient air quality standards;
        ``(3) to ensure that the schedule for implementation of the July 
    1997 revisions of the ambient air quality standards for particulate 
    matter and the schedule for the Environmental Protection Agency's 
    visibility regulations related to regional haze are consistent with 
    the timetable for implementation of such particulate matter 
    standards as set forth in the President's Implementation Memorandum 
    dated July 16, 1997.
``SEC. 6102. PARTICULATE MATTER MONITORING PROGRAM.
    ``(a) Through grants under section 103 of the Clean Air Act [42 
U.S.C. 7403] the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency 
shall use appropriated funds no later than fiscal year 2000 to fund 100 
percent of the cost of the establishment, purchase, operation and 
maintenance of a PM<INF>2.5</INF> monitoring network necessary to 
implement the national ambient air quality standards for 
PM<INF>2.5</INF> under section 109 of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 
7409]. This implementation shall not result in a diversion or 
reprogramming of funds from other Federal, State or local Clean Air Act 
activities. Any funds previously diverted or reprogrammed from section 
105 Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7405] grants for PM<INF>2.5</INF> monitors 
must be restored to State or local air programs in fiscal year 1999.
    ``(b) EPA and the States, consistent with their respective 
authorities under the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.], shall 
ensure that the national network (designated in subsection (a)) which 
consists of the PM<INF>2.5</INF> monitors necessary to implement the 
national ambient air quality standards is established by December 31, 
1999.
    ``(c)(1) The Governors shall be required to submit designations 
referred to in section 107(d)(1) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 
7407(d)(1)] for each area following promulgation of the July 1997 
PM<INF>2.5</INF> national ambient air quality standard within 1 year 
after receipt of 3 years of air quality monitoring data performed in 
accordance with any applicable Federal reference methods for the 
relevant areas. Only data from the monitoring network designated in 
subsection (a) and other Federal reference method PM<INF>2.5</INF> 
monitors shall be considered for such designations. Nothing in the 
previous sentence shall be construed as affecting the Governor's 
authority to designate an area initially as nonattainment, and the 
Administrator's authority to promulgate the designation of an area as 
nonattainment, under section 107(d)(1) of the Clean Air Act, based on 
its contribution to ambient air quality in a nearby nonattainment area.
    ``(2) For any area designated as nonattainment for the July 1997 
PM<INF>2.5</INF> national ambient air quality standard in accordance 
with the schedule set forth in this section, notwithstanding the time 
limit prescribed in paragraph (2) of section 169B(e) of the Clean Air 
Act [42 U.S.C. 7492(e)(2)], the Administrator shall require State 
implementation plan revisions referred to in such paragraph (2) to be 
submitted at the same time as State implementation plan revisions 
referred to in section 172 of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7502] 
implementing the revised national ambient air quality standard for fine 
particulate matter are required to be submitted. For any area designated 
as attainment or unclassifiable for such standard, the Administrator 
shall require the State implementation plan revisions referred to in 
such paragraph (2) to be submitted 1 year after the area has been so 
designated. The preceding provisions of this paragraph shall not 
preclude the implementation of the agreements and recommendations set 
forth in the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Report dated 
June 1996.
    ``(d) The Administrator shall promulgate the designations referred 
to in section 107(d)(1) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7407(d)(1)] for 
each area following promulgation of the July 1997 PM<INF>2.5</INF> 
national ambient air quality standard by the earlier of 1 year after the 
initial designations required under subsection (c)(1) are required to be 
submitted or December 31, 2005.
    ``(e) The Administrator shall conduct a field study of the ability 
of the PM<INF>2.5</INF> Federal Reference Method to differentiate those 
particles that are larger than 2.5 micrograms in diameter. This study 
shall be completed and provided to the Committee on Commerce of the 
House of Representatives and the Committee on Environment and Public 
Works of the United States Senate no later than 2 years from the date of 
enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998].
``SEC. 6103. OZONE DESIGNATION REQUIREMENTS.
    ``(a) The Governors shall be required to submit the designations 
referred to in section 107(d)(1) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 
7407(d)(1)] within 2 years following the promulgation of the July 1997 
ozone national ambient air quality standards.
    ``(b) The Administrator shall promulgate final designations no later 
than 1 year after the designations required under subsection (a) are 
required to be submitted.
``SEC. 6104. ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS.
    ``Nothing in sections 6101 through 6103 shall be construed by the 
Administrator of Environmental Protection Agency or any court, State, or 
person to affect any pending litigation or to be a ratification of the 
ozone or PM<INF>2.5</INF> standards.''


                     Pending Actions and Proceedings

    Suits, actions, and other proceedings lawfully commenced by or 
against the Administrator or any other officer or employee of the United 
States in his official capacity or in relation to the discharge of his 
official duties under act July 14, 1955, the Clean Air Act, as in effect 
immediately prior to the enactment of Pub. L. 95-95 [Aug. 7, 1977], not 
to abate by reason of the taking effect of Pub. L. 95-95, see section 
406(a) of Pub. L. 95-95, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment 
note under section 7401 of this title.


       Modification or Rescission of Rules, Regulations, Orders, 
Determinations, Contracts, Certifications, Authorizations, Delegations, 
                            and Other Actions

    All rules, regulations, orders, determinations, contracts, 
certifications, authorizations, delegations, or other actions duly 
issued, made, or taken by or pursuant to act July 14, 1955, the Clean 
Air Act, as in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of Pub. 
L. 95-95 [Aug. 7, 1977] to continue in full force and effect until 
modified or rescinded in accordance with act July 14, 1955, as amended 
by Pub. L. 95-95 [this chapter], see section 406(b) of Pub. L. 95-95, 
set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 7401 
of this title.

                  Section Referred to in Other Sections

    This section is referred to in sections 7406, 7429, 7471, 7472, 
7477, 7501, 7502, 7505a, 7509, 7511, 7511e, 7512, 7513, 7513a, 7514, 
7545, 7607, 7651d of this title; title 23 sections 101, 109, 149.
