
From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
[wais.access.gpo.gov]
[Laws in effect as of January 23, 2000]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
  January 23, 2000 and December 4, 2001]
[CITE: 42USC7541]

 
                 TITLE 42--THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
 
            CHAPTER 85--AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 
          SUBCHAPTER II--EMISSION STANDARDS FOR MOVING SOURCES
 
            Part A--Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards
 
Sec. 7541. Compliance by vehicles and engines in actual use


(a) Warranty; certification; payment of replacement costs of parts, 
        devices, or components designed for emission control

    (1) Effective with respect to vehicles and engines manufactured in 
model years beginning more than 60 days after December 31, 1970, the 
manufacturer of each new motor vehicle and new motor vehicle engine 
shall warrant to the ultimate purchaser and each subsequent purchaser 
that such vehicle or engine is (A) designed, built, and equipped so as 
to conform at the time of sale with applicable regulations under section 
7521 of this title, and (B) free from defects in materials and 
workmanship which cause such vehicle or engine to fail to conform with 
applicable regulations for its useful life (as determined under section 
7521(d) of this title). In the case of vehicles and engines manufactured 
in the model year 1995 and thereafter such warranty shall require that 
the vehicle or engine is free from any such defects for the warranty 
period provided under subsection (i) of this section.
    (2) In the case of a motor vehicle part or motor vehicle engine 
part, the manufacturer or rebuilder of such part may certify that use of 
such part will not result in a failure of the vehicle or engine to 
comply with emission standards promulgated under section 7521 of this 
title. Such certification shall be made only under such regulations as 
may be promulgated by the Administrator to carry out the purposes of 
subsection (b) of this section. The Administrator shall promulgate such 
regulations no later than two years following August 7, 1977.
    (3) The cost of any part, device, or component of any light-duty 
vehicle that is designed for emission control and which in the 
instructions issued pursuant to subsection (c)(3) of this section is 
scheduled for replacement during the useful life of the vehicle in order 
to maintain compliance with regulations under section 7521 of this 
title, the failure of which shall not interfere with the normal 
performance of the vehicle, and the expected retail price of which, 
including installation costs, is greater than 2 percent of the suggested 
retail price of such vehicle, shall be borne or reimbursed at the time 
of replacement by the vehicle manufacturer and such replacement shall be 
provided without cost to the ultimate purchaser, subsequent purchaser, 
or dealer. The term ``designed for emission control'' as used in the 
preceding sentence means a catalytic converter, thermal reactor, or 
other component installed on or in a vehicle for the sole or primary 
purpose of reducing vehicle emissions (not including those vehicle 
components which were in general use prior to model year 1968 and the 
primary function of which is not related to emission control).

(b) Testing methods and procedures

    If the Administrator determines that (i) there are available testing 
methods and procedures to ascertain whether, when in actual use 
throughout its \1\ the warranty period (as determined under subsection 
(i) of this section), each vehicle and engine to which regulations under 
section 7521 of this title apply complies with the emission standards of 
such regulations, (ii) such methods and procedures are in accordance 
with good engineering practices, and (iii) such methods and procedures 
are reasonably capable of being correlated with tests conducted under 
section 7525(a)(1) of this title, then--
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    \1\ So in original. The word ``its'' probably should not appear.
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        (1) he shall establish such methods and procedures by 
    regulation, and
        (2) at such time as he determines that inspection facilities or 
    equipment are available for purposes of carrying out testing methods 
    and procedures established under paragraph (1), he shall prescribe 
    regulations which shall require manufacturers to warrant the 
    emission control device or system of each new motor vehicle or new 
    motor vehicle engine to which a regulation under section 7521 of 
    this title applies and which is manufactured in a model year 
    beginning after the Administrator first prescribes warranty 
    regulations under this paragraph (2). The warranty under such 
    regulations shall run to the ultimate purchaser and each subsequent 
    purchaser and shall provide that if--
            (A) the vehicle or engine is maintained and operated in 
        accordance with instructions under subsection (c)(3) of this 
        section,
            (B) it fails to conform at any time during its \1\ the 
        warranty period (as determined under subsection (i) of this 
        section) to the regulations prescribed under section 7521 of 
        this title, and
            (C) such nonconformity results in the ultimate purchaser (or 
        any subsequent purchaser) of such vehicle or engine having to 
        bear any penalty or other sanction (including the denial of the 
        right to use such vehicle or engine) under State or Federal law,

    then such manufacturer shall remedy such nonconformity under such 
    warranty with the cost thereof to be borne by the manufacturer. No 
    such warranty shall be invalid on the basis of any part used in the 
    maintenance or repair of a vehicle or engine if such part was 
    certified as provided under subsection (a)(2) of this section.

(c) Nonconforming vehicles; plan for remedying nonconformity; 
        instructions for maintenance and use; label or tag

    Effective with respect to vehicles and engines manufactured during 
model years beginning more than 60 days after December 31, 1970--
        (1) If the Administrator determines that a substantial number of 
    any class or category of vehicles or engines, although properly 
    maintained and used, do not conform to the regulations prescribed 
    under section 7521 of this title, when in actual use throughout 
    their useful life (as determined under section 7521(d) of this 
    title), he shall immediately notify the manufacturer thereof of such 
    nonconformity, and he shall require the manufacturer to submit a 
    plan for remedying the nonconformity of the vehicles or engines with 
    respect to which such notification is given. The plan shall provide 
    that the nonconformity of any such vehicles or engines which are 
    properly used and maintained will be remedied at the expense of the 
    manufacturer. If the manufacturer disagrees with such determination 
    of nonconformity and so advises the Administrator, the Administrator 
    shall afford the manufacturer and other interested persons an 
    opportunity to present their views and evidence in support thereof 
    at a public hearing. Unless, as a result of such hearing the 
    Administrator withdraws such determination of nonconformity, he 
    shall, within 60 days after the completion of such hearing, order 
    the manufacturer to provide prompt notification of such 
    nonconformity in accordance with paragraph (2).
        (2) Any notification required by paragraph (1) with respect to 
    any class or category of vehicles or engines shall be given to 
    dealers, ultimate purchasers, and subsequent purchasers (if known) 
    in such manner and containing such information as the Administrator 
    may by regulations require.
        (3)(A) The manufacturer shall furnish with each new motor 
    vehicle or motor vehicle engine written instructions for the proper 
    maintenance and use of the vehicle or engine by the ultimate 
    purchaser and such instructions shall correspond to regulations 
    which the Administrator shall promulgate. The manufacturer shall 
    provide in boldface type on the first page of the written 
    maintenance instructions notice that maintenance, replacement, or 
    repair of the emission control devices and systems may be performed 
    by any automotive repair establishment or individual using any 
    automotive part which has been certified as provided in subsection 
    (a)(2) of this section.
        (B) The instruction under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph 
    shall not include any condition on the ultimate purchaser's using, 
    in connection with such vehicle or engine, any component or service 
    (other than a component or service provided without charge under the 
    terms of the purchase agreement) which is identified by brand, 
    trade, or corporate name; or directly or indirectly distinguishing 
    between service performed by the franchised dealers of such 
    manufacturer or any other service establishments with which such 
    manufacturer has a commercial relationship, and service performed by 
    independent automotive repair facilities with which such 
    manufacturer has no commercial relationship; except that the 
    prohibition of this subsection may be waived by the Administrator 
    if--
            (i) the manufacturer satisfies the Administrator that the 
        vehicle or engine will function properly only if the component 
        or service so identified is used in connection with such vehicle 
        or engine, and
            (ii) the Administrator finds that such a waiver is in the 
        public interest.

        (C) In addition, the manufacturer shall indicate by means of a 
    label or tag permanently affixed to such vehicle or engine that such 
    vehicle or engine is covered by a certificate of conformity issued 
    for the purpose of assuring achievement of emissions standards 
    prescribed under section 7521 of this title. Such label or tag shall 
    contain such other information relating to control of motor vehicle 
    emissions as the Administrator shall prescribe by regulation.
        (4) Intermediate in-use standards.--
            (A) Model years 1994 and 1995.--For light-duty trucks of up 
        to 6,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and light-duty 
        vehicles which are subject to standards under table G of section 
        7521(g)(1) of this title in model years 1994 and 1995 (40 
        percent of the manufacturer's sales volume in model year 1994 
        and 80 percent in model year 1995), the standards applicable to 
        NMHC, CO, and NO<INF>x</INF> for purposes of this subsection 
        shall be those set forth in table A below in lieu of the 
        standards for such air pollutants otherwise applicable under 
        this subchapter.

  table a--intermediate in-use standards ldts up to 6,000 lbs. gvwr and
                           light-duty vehicles
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Vehicle type                     NMHC     CO     NO<INF>x</I
NF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Light-duty vehicles..............................    0.32    3.4    0.4*
LDT's (0-3,750 LVW)..............................    0.32    5.2    0.4*
LDT's (3,751-5,750 LVW)..........................    0.41    6.7    0.7*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Not applicable to diesel-fueled vehicles.

            (B) Model years 1996 and thereafter.--(i) In the model years 
        1996 and 1997, light-duty trucks (LDTs) up to 6,000 lbs. gross 
        vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and light-duty vehicles which are 
        not subject to final in-use standards under paragraph (5) (60 
        percent of the manufacturer's sales volume in model year 1996 
        and 20 percent in model year 1997) shall be subject to the 
        standards set forth in table A of subparagraph (A) for NMHC, CO, 
        and NO<INF>x</INF> for purposes of this subsection in lieu of 
        those set forth in paragraph (5).
            (ii) For LDTs of more than 6,000 lbs. GVWR--
                (I) in model year 1996 which are subject to the 
            standards set forth in Table H of section 7521(h) of this 
            title (50%);
                (II) in model year 1997 (100%); and
                (III) in model year 1998 which are not subject to final 
            in-use standards under paragraph (5) (50%);

        the standards for NMHC, CO, and NO<INF>x</INF> for purposes of 
        this subsection shall be those set forth in Table B below in 
        lieu of the standards for such air pollutants otherwise 
        applicable under this subchapter.

  Table B--Intermediate In-Use Standards LDTs More Than 6,000 Lbs. GVWR
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Vehicle type                     NMHC     CO     NO<INF>x</IN
F>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
LDTs (3,751-5,750 lbs. TW)......................    0.40    5.5    0.88*
LDTs (over 5,750 lbs. TW).......................    0.49    6.2    1.38*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Not applicable to diesel-fueled vehicles.

            (C) Useful life.--In the case of the in-use standards 
        applicable under this paragraph, for purposes of applying this 
        subsection, the applicable useful life shall be 5 years or 
        50,000 miles or the equivalent (whichever first occurs).

        (5) Final in-use standards.--(A) After the model year 1995, for 
    purposes of applying this subsection, in the case of the percentage 
    specified in the implementation schedule below of each 
    manufacturer's sales volume of light-duty trucks of up to 6,000 lbs. 
    gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and light duty \2\ vehicles, the 
    standards for NMHC, CO, and NO<INF>x</INF> shall be as provided in 
    Table G in section 7521(g) of this title, except that in applying 
    the standards set forth in Table G for purposes of determining 
    compliance with this subsection, the applicable useful life shall be 
    (i) 5 years or 50,000 miles (or the equivalent) whichever first 
    occurs in the case of standards applicable for purposes of 
    certification at 50,000 miles; and (ii) 10 years or 100,000 miles 
    (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs in the case of standards 
    applicable for purposes of certification at 100,000 miles, except 
    that no testing shall be done beyond 7 years or 75,000 miles, or the 
    equivalent whichever first occurs.
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    \2\ So in original. Probably should be ``light-duty''.

     LDTs up to 6,000 Lbs. GVWR and Light-Duty Vehicle Schedule for
                Implementation of Final In-Use Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Model year                            Percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1996.....................................                40
1997.....................................                80
1998.....................................               100
------------------------------------------------------------------------

        (B) After the model year 1997, for purposes of applying this 
    subsection, in the case of the percentage specified in the 
    implementation schedule below of each manufacturer's sales volume of 
    light-duty trucks of more than 6,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight 
    rating (GVWR), the standards for NMHC, CO, and NO<INF>x</INF> shall 
    be as provided in Table H in section 7521(h) of this title, except 
    that in applying the standards set forth in Table H for purposes of 
    determining compliance with this subsection, the applicable useful 
    life shall be (i) 5 years or 50,000 miles (or the equivalent) 
    whichever first occurs in the case of standards applicable for 
    purposes of certification at 50,000 miles; and (ii) 11 years or 
    120,000 miles (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs in the 
    case of standards applicable for purposes of certification at 
    120,000 miles, except that no testing shall be done beyond 7 years 
    or 90,000 miles (or the equivalent) whichever first occurs.

      LDTs of More Than 6,000 Lbs. GVWR Implementation Schedule for
                Implementation of Final In-Use Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Model year                            Percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1998.....................................                50
1999.....................................               100
------------------------------------------------------------------------

        (6) Diesel vehicles; in-use useful life and testing.--(A) In the 
    case of diesel-fueled light-duty trucks up to 6,000 lbs. GVWR and 
    light-duty vehicles, the useful life for purposes of determining in-
    use compliance with the standards under section 7521(g) of this 
    title for NO<INF>x</INF> shall be a period of 10 years or 100,000 
    miles (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs, in the case of 
    standards applicable for purposes of certification at 100,000 miles, 
    except that testing shall not be done for a period beyond 7 years or 
    75,000 miles (or the equivalent) whichever first occurs.
        (B) In the case of diesel-fueled light-duty trucks of 6,000 lbs. 
    GVWR or more, the useful life for purposes of determining in-use 
    compliance with the standards under section 7521(h) of this title 
    for NO<INF>x</INF> shall be a period of 11 years or 120,000 miles 
    (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs, in the case of 
    standards applicable for purposes of certification at 120,000 miles, 
    except that testing shall not be done for a period beyond 7 years or 
    90,000 miles (or the equivalent) whichever first occurs.

(d) Dealer costs borne by manufacturer

    Any cost obligation of any dealer incurred as a result of any 
requirement imposed by subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section shall 
be borne by the manufacturer. The transfer of any such cost obligation 
from a manufacturer to any dealer through franchise or other agreement 
is prohibited.

(e) Cost statement

    If a manufacturer includes in any advertisement a statement 
respecting the cost or value of emission control devices or systems, 
such manufacturer shall set forth in such statement the cost or value 
attributed to such devices or systems by the Secretary of Labor (through 
the Bureau of Labor Statistics). The Secretary of Labor, and his 
representatives, shall have the same access for this purpose to the 
books, documents, papers, and records of a manufacturer as the 
Comptroller General has to those of a recipient of assistance for 
purposes of section 7611 of this title.

(f) Inspection after sale to ultimate purchaser

    Any inspection of a motor vehicle or a motor vehicle engine for 
purposes of subsection (c)(1) of this section, after its sale to the 
ultimate purchaser, shall be made only if the owner of such vehicle or 
engine voluntarily permits such inspection to be made, except as may be 
provided by any State or local inspection program.

(g) Replacement and maintenance costs borne by owner

    For the purposes of this section, the owner of any motor vehicle or 
motor vehicle engine warranted under this section is responsible in the 
proper maintenance of such vehicle or engine to replace and to maintain, 
at his expense at any service establishment or facility of his choosing, 
such items as spark plugs, points, condensers, and any other part, item, 
or device related to emission control (but not designed for emission 
control under the terms of the last sentence of subsection (a)(3) of 
this section)),\3\ unless such part, item, or device is covered by any 
warranty not mandated by this chapter.
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    \3\ So in original. The second closing parenthesis probably should 
not appear.
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(h) Dealer certification

    (1) Upon the sale of each new light-duty motor vehicle by a dealer, 
the dealer shall furnish to the purchaser a certificate that such motor 
vehicle conforms to the applicable regulations under section 7521 of 
this title, including notice of the purchaser's rights under paragraph 
(2).
    (2) If at any time during the period for which the warranty applies 
under subsection (b) of this section, a motor vehicle fails to conform 
to the applicable regulations under section 7521 of this title as 
determined under subsection (b) of this section such nonconformity shall 
be remedied by the manufacturer at the cost of the manufacturer pursuant 
to such warranty as provided in subsection (b)(2) of this section 
(without regard to subparagraph (C) thereof).
    (3) Nothing in section 7543(a) of this title shall be construed to 
prohibit a State from testing, or requiring testing of, a motor vehicle 
after the date of sale of such vehicle to the ultimate purchaser (except 
that no new motor vehicle manufacturer or dealer may be required to 
conduct testing under this paragraph).

(i) Warranty period

                           (1) In general

        For purposes of subsection (a)(1) of this section and subsection 
    (b) of this section, the warranty period, effective with respect to 
    new light-duty trucks and new light-duty vehicles and engines, 
    manufactured in the model year 1995 and thereafter, shall be the 
    first 2 years or 24,000 miles of use (whichever first occurs), 
    except as provided in paragraph (2). For purposes of subsection 
    (a)(1) of this section and subsection (b) of this section, for other 
    vehicles and engines the warranty period shall be the period 
    established by the Administrator by regulation (promulgated prior to 
    November 15, 1990) for such purposes unless the Administrator 
    subsequently modifies such regulation.

           (2) Specified major emission control components

        In the case of a specified major emission control component, the 
    warranty period for new light-duty trucks and new light-duty 
    vehicles and engines manufactured in the model year 1995 and 
    thereafter for purposes of subsection (a)(1) of this section and 
    subsection (b) of this section shall be 8 years or 80,000 miles of 
    use (whichever first occurs). As used in this paragraph, the term 
    ``specified major emission control component'' means only a 
    catalytic converter, an electronic emissions control unit, and an 
    onboard emissions diagnostic device, except that the Administrator 
    may designate any other pollution control device or component as a 
    specified major emission control component if--
            (A) the device or component was not in general use on 
        vehicles and engines manufactured prior to the model year 1990; 
        and
            (B) the Administrator determines that the retail cost 
        (exclusive of installation costs) of such device or component 
        exceeds $200 (in 1989 dollars), adjusted for inflation or 
        deflation as calculated by the Administrator at the time of such 
        determination.

    For purposes of this paragraph, the term ``onboard emissions 
    diagnostic device'' means any device installed for the purpose of 
    storing or processing emissions related diagnostic information, but 
    not including any parts or other systems which it monitors except 
    specified major emissions control components. Nothing in this 
    chapter shall be construed to provide that any part (other than a 
    part referred to in the preceding sentence) shall be required to be 
    warranted under this chapter for the period of 8 years or 80,000 
    miles referred to in this paragraph.

                          (3) Instructions

        Subparagraph (A) of subsection (b)(2) of this section shall 
    apply only where the Administrator has made a determination that the 
    instructions concerned conform to the requirements of subsection 
    (c)(3) of this section.

(July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title II, Sec. 207, as added Pub. L. 91-604, 
Sec. 8(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1696; amended Pub. L. 95-95, title 
II, Secs. 205, 208-210, 212, Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 754-756, 758; Pub. 
L. 95-190, Sec. 14(a)(70)-(72), Nov. 16, 1977, 91 Stat. 1403; Pub. L. 
101-549, title II, Secs. 209, 210, 230(9), Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 
2484, 2485, 2529.)

                          Codification

    Section was formerly classified to section 1857f-5a of this title.


                            Prior Provisions

    A prior section 207 of act July 14, 1955, was renumbered section 208 
by Pub. L. 91-604 and is classified to section 7542 of this title.


                               Amendments

    1990--Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 209(4), inserted at end 
``In the case of vehicles and engines manufactured in the model year 
1995 and thereafter such warranty shall require that the vehicle or 
engine is free from any such defects for the warranty period provided 
under subsection (i) of this section.''
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 209(1), (2), substituted ``the 
warranty period (as determined under subsection (i) of this section)'' 
for ``useful life (as determined under section 7521(d) of this title)'' 
in introductory provisions and par. (2)(B), and struck out closing 
provisions which read as follows: ``For purposes of the warranty under 
this subsection, for the period after twenty-four months or twenty-four 
thousand miles (whichever first occurs) the term `emission control 
device or system' means a catalytic converter, thermal reactor, or other 
component installed on or in a vehicle for the sole or primary purpose 
of reducing vehicle emissions. Such term shall not include those vehicle 
components which were in general use prior to model year 1968.''
    Subsec. (c)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 210, added pars. (4) to 
(6).
    Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 230(9), substituted ``the last 
sentence of subsection (a)(3) of this section)'' for ``the last three 
sentences of subsection (a)(1) of this section''.
    Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 209(3), added subsec. (i).
    1977--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95-190, Sec. 14(a)(70), designated 
provisions contained in cl. (3) of subsec. (a), formerly set out as 
containing cls. (1), (2), and (3), to be par. (3) of subsec. (a) after 
the amendment by Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 209(b), which designated provisions 
of former subsec. (a) as par. (1) and former cls. (1) and (2) as (A) and 
(B) of par. (1) and added a new par. (2).
    Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 205, added cl. (3).
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 209(a), (c), inserted provisions to 
par. (2) that no warranty be held invalid on the basis of any part used 
in the maintenance or repair of a vehicle or engine if the part was 
certified as provided in subsec. (a)(2) of this section, and, following 
par. (2), inserted provisions defining ``emission control device or 
system''.
    Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 208, designated existing 
provisions as subpars. (A) and (C), added requirement for the bold face 
printing of a required notice on the first page of the written 
maintenance instructions in subpar. (A), and added subpar. (B).
    Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 95-190, Sec. 14(a)(71), redesignated subsec. 
(f) as added by Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 212, as (h).
    Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 210, added subsec. (g).
    Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 95-190, Sec. 14(a)(71), redesignated subsec. 
(f) as added by Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 212, as (h).
    Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 95-190, Sec. 14(a)(72), substituted 
``determined under'' for ``determined and''.


                    Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

    Section 209 of Pub. L. 101-549 provided that the amendments made by 
that section are effective with respect to new motor vehicles and 
engines manufactured in model year 1995 and thereafter.


                    Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

    Amendment by Pub. L. 95-95 effective Aug. 7, 1977, except as 
otherwise expressly provided, see section 406(d) of Pub. L. 95-95, set 
out as a note under section 7401 of this title.


                             Effective Date

    Section not applicable to vehicles or engines imported into United 
States before sixtieth day after Dec. 31, 1970, see section 8(b) of Pub. 
L. 91-604, set out as a note under section 7525 of this title.


       Modification or Rescission of Rules, Regulations, Orders, 
Determinations, Contracts, Certifications, Authorizations, Delegations, 
                            and Other Actions

    All rules, regulations, orders, determinations, contracts, 
certifications, authorizations, delegations, or other actions duly 
issued, made, or taken by or pursuant to act July 14, 1955, the Clean 
Air Act, as in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of Pub. 
L. 95-95 [Aug. 7, 1977] to continue in full force and effect until 
modified or rescinded in accordance with act July 14, 1955, as amended 
by Pub. L. 95-95 [this chapter], see section 406(b) of Pub. L. 95-95, 
set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 7401 
of this title.

                  Section Referred to in Other Sections

    This section is referred to in sections 7511a, 7521, 7522, 7525, 
7543, 7547, 7550, 7552, 7587, 7607 of this title.
