
From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
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[Laws in effect as of January 23, 2000]
[Document affected by Public Law 107-118 Section 102(b)]
[CITE: 42USC9622]

 
                 TITLE 42--THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
 
  CHAPTER 103--COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND 
                                LIABILITY
 
  SUBCHAPTER I--HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES RELEASES, LIABILITY, COMPENSATION
 
Sec. 9622. Settlements


(a) Authority to enter into agreements

    The President, in his discretion, may enter into an agreement with 
any person (including the owner or operator of the facility from which a 
release or substantial threat of release emanates, or any other 
potentially responsible person), to perform any response action 
(including any action described in section 9604(b) of this title) if the 
President determines that such action will be done properly by such 
person. Whenever practicable and in the public interest, as determined 
by the President, the President shall act to facilitate agreements under 
this section that are in the public interest and consistent with the 
National Contingency Plan in order to expedite effective remedial 
actions and minimize litigation. If the President decides not to use the 
procedures in this section, the President shall notify in writing 
potentially responsible parties at the facility of such decision and the 
reasons why use of the procedures is inappropriate. A decision of the 
President to use or not to use the procedures in this section is not 
subject to judicial review.

(b) Agreements with potentially responsible parties

                          (1) Mixed funding

        An agreement under this section may provide that the President 
    will reimburse the parties to the agreement from the Fund, with 
    interest, for certain costs of actions under the agreement that the 
    parties have agreed to perform but which the President has agreed to 
    finance. In any case in which the President provides such 
    reimbursement, the President shall make all reasonable efforts to 
    recover the amount of such reimbursement under section 9607 of this 
    title or under other relevant authorities.

                          (2) Reviewability

        The President's decisions regarding the availability of fund 
    financing under this subsection shall not be subject to judicial 
    review under subsection (d) of this section.

                       (3) Retention of funds

        If, as part of any agreement, the President will be carrying out 
    any action and the parties will be paying amounts to the President, 
    the President may, notwithstanding any other provision of law, 
    retain and use such amounts for purposes of carrying out the 
    agreement.

                    (4) Future obligation of Fund

        In the case of a completed remedial action pursuant to an 
    agreement described in paragraph (1), the Fund shall be subject to 
    an obligation for subsequent remedial actions at the same facility 
    but only to the extent that such subsequent actions are necessary by 
    reason of the failure of the original remedial action. Such 
    obligation shall be in a proportion equal to, but not exceeding, the 
    proportion contributed by the Fund for the original remedial action. 
    The Fund's obligation for such future remedial action may be met 
    through Fund expenditures or through payment, following settlement 
    or enforcement action, by parties who were not signatories to the 
    original agreement.

(c) Effect of agreement

                            (1) Liability

        Whenever the President has entered into an agreement under this 
    section, the liability to the United States under this chapter of 
    each party to the agreement, including any future liability to the 
    United States, arising from the release or threatened release that 
    is the subject of the agreement shall be limited as provided in the 
    agreement pursuant to a covenant not to sue in accordance with 
    subsection (f) of this section. A covenant not to sue may provide 
    that future liability to the United States of a settling potentially 
    responsible party under the agreement may be limited to the same 
    proportion as that established in the original settlement agreement. 
    Nothing in this section shall limit or otherwise affect the 
    authority of any court to review in the consent decree process under 
    subsection (d) of this section any covenant not to sue contained in 
    an agreement under this section. In determining the extent to which 
    the liability of parties to an agreement shall be limited pursuant 
    to a covenant not to sue, the President shall be guided by the 
    principle that a more complete covenant not to sue shall be provided 
    for a more permanent remedy undertaken by such parties.

                  (2) Actions against other persons

        If an agreement has been entered into under this section, the 
    President may take any action under section 9606 of this title 
    against any person who is not a party to the agreement, once the 
    period for submitting a proposal under subsection (e)(2)(B) of this 
    section has expired. Nothing in this section shall be construed to 
    affect either of the following:
            (A) The liability of any person under section 9606 or 9607 
        of this title with respect to any costs or damages which are not 
        included in the agreement.
            (B) The authority of the President to maintain an action 
        under this chapter against any person who is not a party to the 
        agreement.

(d) Enforcement

                       (1) Cleanup agreements

        (A) Consent decree

            Whenever the President enters into an agreement under this 
        section with any potentially responsible party with respect to 
        remedial action under section 9606 of this title, following 
        approval of the agreement by the Attorney General, except as 
        otherwise provided in the case of certain administrative 
        settlements referred to in subsection (g) of this section, the 
        agreement shall be entered in the appropriate United States 
        district court as a consent decree. The President need not make 
        any finding regarding an imminent and substantial endangerment 
        to the public health or the environment in connection with any 
        such agreement or consent decree.

        (B) Effect

            The entry of any consent decree under this subsection shall 
        not be construed to be an acknowledgment by the parties that the 
        release or threatened release concerned constitutes an imminent 
        and substantial endangerment to the public health or welfare or 
        the environment. Except as otherwise provided in the Federal 
        Rules of Evidence, the participation by any party in the process 
        under this section shall not be considered an admission of 
        liability for any purpose, and the fact of such participation 
        shall not be admissible in any judicial or administrative 
        proceeding, including a subsequent proceeding under this 
        section.

        (C) Structure

            The President may fashion a consent decree so that the 
        entering of such decree and compliance with such decree or with 
        any determination or agreement made pursuant to this section 
        shall not be considered an admission of liability for any 
        purpose.

                      (2) Public participation

        (A) Filing of proposed judgment

            At least 30 days before a final judgment is entered under 
        paragraph (1), the proposed judgment shall be filed with the 
        court.

        (B) Opportunity for comment

            The Attorney General shall provide an opportunity to persons 
        who are not named as parties to the action to comment on the 
        proposed judgment before its entry by the court as a final 
        judgment. The Attorney General shall consider, and file with the 
        court, any written comments, views, or allegations relating to 
        the proposed judgment. The Attorney General may withdraw or 
        withhold its consent to the proposed judgment if the comments, 
        views, and allegations concerning the judgment disclose facts or 
        considerations which indicate that the proposed judgment is 
        inappropriate, improper, or inadequate.

                       (3) 9604(b) agreements

        Whenever the President enters into an agreement under this 
    section with any potentially responsible party with respect to 
    action under section 9604(b) of this title, the President shall 
    issue an order or enter into a decree setting forth the obligations 
    of such party. The United States district court for the district in 
    which the release or threatened release occurs may enforce such 
    order or decree.

(e) Special notice procedures

                             (1) Notice

        Whenever the President determines that a period of negotiation 
    under this subsection would facilitate an agreement with potentially 
    responsible parties for taking response action (including any action 
    described in section 9604(b) of this title) and would expedite 
    remedial action, the President shall so notify all such parties and 
    shall provide them with information concerning each of the 
    following:
            (A) The names and addresses of potentially responsible 
        parties (including owners and operators and other persons 
        referred to in section 9607(a) of this title), to the extent 
        such information is available.
            (B) To the extent such information is available, the volume 
        and nature of substances contributed by each potentially 
        responsible party identified at the facility.
            (C) A ranking by volume of the substances at the facility, 
        to the extent such information is available.

    The President shall make the information referred to in this 
    paragraph available in advance of notice under this paragraph upon 
    the request of a potentially responsible party in accordance with 
    procedures provided by the President. The provisions of subsection 
    (e) of section 9604 of this title regarding protection of 
    confidential information apply to information provided under this 
    paragraph. Disclosure of information generated by the President 
    under this section to persons other than the Congress, or any duly 
    authorized Committee thereof, is subject to other privileges or 
    protections provided by law, including (but not limited to) those 
    applicable to attorney work product. Nothing contained in this 
    paragraph or in other provisions of this chapter shall be construed, 
    interpreted, or applied to diminish the required disclosure of 
    information under other provisions of this or other Federal or State 
    laws.

                           (2) Negotiation

        (A) Moratorium

            Except as provided in this subsection, the President may not 
        commence action under section 9604(a) of this title or take any 
        action under section 9606 of this title for 120 days after 
        providing notice and information under this subsection with 
        respect to such action. Except as provided in this subsection, 
        the President may not commence a remedial investigation and 
        feasibility study under section 9604(b) of this title for 90 
        days after providing notice and information under this 
        subsection with respect to such action. The President may 
        commence any additional studies or investigations authorized 
        under section 9604(b) of this title, including remedial design, 
        during the negotiation period.

        (B) Proposals

            Persons receiving notice and information under paragraph (1) 
        of this subsection with respect to action under section 9606 of 
        this title shall have 60 days from the date of receipt of such 
        notice to make a proposal to the President for undertaking or 
        financing the action under section 9606 of this title. Persons 
        receiving notice and information under paragraph (1) of this 
        subsection with respect to action under section 9604(b) of this 
        title shall have 60 days from the date of receipt of such notice 
        to make a proposal to the President for undertaking or financing 
        the action under section 9604(b) of this title.

        (C) Additional parties

            If an additional potentially responsible party is identified 
        during the negotiation period or after an agreement has been 
        entered into under this subsection concerning a release or 
        threatened release, the President may bring the additional party 
        into the negotiation or enter into a separate agreement with 
        such party.

            (3) Preliminary allocation of responsibility

        (A) In general

            The President shall develop guidelines for preparing 
        nonbinding preliminary allocations of responsibility. In 
        developing these guidelines the President may include such 
        factors as the President considers relevant, such as: volume, 
        toxicity, mobility, strength of evidence, ability to pay, 
        litigative risks, public interest considerations, precedential 
        value, and inequities and aggravating factors. When it would 
        expedite settlements under this section and remedial action, the 
        President may, after completion of the remedial investigation 
        and feasibility study, provide a nonbinding preliminary 
        allocation of responsibility which allocates percentages of the 
        total cost of response among potentially responsible parties at 
        the facility.

        (B) Collection of information

            To collect information necessary or appropriate for 
        performing the allocation under subparagraph (A) or for 
        otherwise implementing this section, the President may by 
        subpoena require the attendance and testimony of witnesses and 
        the production of reports, papers, documents, answers to 
        questions, and other information that the President deems 
        necessary. Witnesses shall be paid the same fees and mileage 
        that are paid witnesses in the courts of the United States. In 
        the event of contumacy or failure or refusal of any person to 
        obey any such subpoena, any district court of the United States 
        in which venue is proper shall have jurisdiction to order any 
        such person to comply with such subpoena. Any failure to obey 
        such an order of the court is punishable by the court as a 
        contempt thereof.

        (C) Effect

            The nonbinding preliminary allocation of responsibility 
        shall not be admissible as evidence in any proceeding, and no 
        court shall have jurisdiction to review the nonbinding 
        preliminary allocation of responsibility. The nonbinding 
        preliminary allocation of responsibility shall not constitute an 
        apportionment or other statement on the divisibility of harm or 
        causation.

        (D) Costs

            The costs incurred by the President in producing the 
        nonbinding preliminary allocation of responsibility shall be 
        reimbursed by the potentially responsible parties whose offer is 
        accepted by the President. Where an offer under this section is 
        not accepted, such costs shall be considered costs of response.

        (E) Decision to reject offer

            Where the President, in his discretion, has provided a 
        nonbinding preliminary allocation of responsibility and the 
        potentially responsible parties have made a substantial offer 
        providing for response to the President which he rejects, the 
        reasons for the rejection shall be provided in a written 
        explanation. The President's decision to reject such an offer 
        shall not be subject to judicial review.

                       (4) Failure to propose

        If the President determines that a good faith proposal for 
    undertaking or financing action under section 9606 of this title has 
    not been submitted within 60 days of the provision of notice 
    pursuant to this subsection, the President may thereafter commence 
    action under section 9604(a) of this title or take an action against 
    any person under section 9606 of this title. If the President 
    determines that a good faith proposal for undertaking or financing 
    action under section 9604(b) of this title has not been submitted 
    within 60 days after the provision of notice pursuant to this 
    subsection, the President may thereafter commence action under 
    section 9604(b) of this title.

                       (5) Significant threats

        Nothing in this subsection shall limit the President's authority 
    to undertake response or enforcement action regarding a significant 
    threat to public health or the environment within the negotiation 
    period established by this subsection.

                  (6) Inconsistent response action

        When either the President, or a potentially responsible party 
    pursuant to an administrative order or consent decree under this 
    chapter, has initiated a remedial investigation and feasibility 
    study for a particular facility under this chapter, no potentially 
    responsible party may undertake any remedial action at the facility 
    unless such remedial action has been authorized by the President.

(f) Covenant not to sue

                     (1) Discretionary covenants

        The President may, in his discretion, provide any person with a 
    covenant not to sue concerning any liability to the United States 
    under this chapter, including future liability, resulting from a 
    release or threatened release of a hazardous substance addressed by 
    a remedial action, whether that action is onsite or offsite, if each 
    of the following conditions is met:
            (A) The covenant not to sue is in the public interest.
            (B) The covenant not to sue would expedite response action 
        consistent with the National Contingency Plan under section 9605 
        of this title.
            (C) The person is in full compliance with a consent decree 
        under section 9606 of this title (including a consent decree 
        entered into in accordance with this section) for response to 
        the release or threatened release concerned.
            (D) The response action has been approved by the President.

                  (2) Special covenants not to sue

        In the case of any person to whom the President is authorized 
    under paragraph (1) of this subsection to provide a covenant not to 
    sue, for the portion of remedial action--
            (A) which involves the transport and secure disposition 
        offsite of hazardous substances in a facility meeting the 
        requirements of sections 6924(c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (m), (o), 
        (p), (u), and (v) and 6925(c) of this title, where the President 
        has rejected a proposed remedial action that is consistent with 
        the National Contingency Plan that does not include such offsite 
        disposition and has thereafter required offsite disposition; or
            (B) which involves the treatment of hazardous substances so 
        as to destroy, eliminate, or permanently immobilize the 
        hazardous constituents of such substances, such that, in the 
        judgment of the President, the substances no longer present any 
        current or currently foreseeable future significant risk to 
        public health, welfare or the environment, no byproduct of the 
        treatment or destruction process presents any significant hazard 
        to public health, welfare or the environment, and all byproducts 
        are themselves treated, destroyed, or contained in a manner 
        which assures that such byproducts do not present any current or 
        currently foreseeable future significant risk to public health, 
        welfare or the environment,

    the President shall provide such person with a covenant not to sue 
    with respect to future liability to the United States under this 
    chapter for a future release or threatened release of hazardous 
    substances from such facility, and a person provided such covenant 
    not to sue shall not be liable to the United States under section 
    9606 or 9607 of this title with respect to such release or 
    threatened release at a future time.

          (3) Requirement that remedial action be completed

        A covenant not to sue concerning future liability to the United 
    States shall not take effect until the President certifies that 
    remedial action has been completed in accordance with the 
    requirements of this chapter at the facility that is the subject of 
    such covenant.

                             (4) Factors

        In assessing the appropriateness of a covenant not to sue under 
    paragraph (1) and any condition to be included in a covenant not to 
    sue under paragraph (1) or (2), the President shall consider whether 
    the covenant or condition is in the public interest on the basis of 
    such factors as the following:
            (A) The effectiveness and reliability of the remedy, in 
        light of the other alternative remedies considered for the 
        facility concerned.
            (B) The nature of the risks remaining at the facility.
            (C) The extent to which performance standards are included 
        in the order or decree.
            (D) The extent to which the response action provides a 
        complete remedy for the facility, including a reduction in the 
        hazardous nature of the substances at the facility.
            (E) The extent to which the technology used in the response 
        action is demonstrated to be effective.
            (F) Whether the Fund or other sources of funding would be 
        available for any additional remedial actions that might 
        eventually be necessary at the facility.
            (G) Whether the remedial action will be carried out, in 
        whole or in significant part, by the responsible parties 
        themselves.

                    (5) Satisfactory performance

        Any covenant not to sue under this subsection shall be subject 
    to the satisfactory performance by such party of its obligations 
    under the agreement concerned.

            (6) Additional condition for future liability

        (A) Except for the portion of the remedial action which is 
    subject to a covenant not to sue under paragraph (2) or under 
    subsection (g) of this section (relating to de minimis settlements), 
    a covenant not to sue a person concerning future liability to the 
    United States shall include an exception to the covenant that allows 
    the President to sue such person concerning future liability 
    resulting from the release or threatened release that is the subject 
    of the covenant where such liability arises out of conditions which 
    are unknown at the time the President certifies under paragraph (3) 
    that remedial action has been completed at the facility concerned.
        (B) In extraordinary circumstances, the President may determine, 
    after assessment of relevant factors such as those referred to in 
    paragraph (4) and volume, toxicity, mobility, strength of evidence, 
    ability to pay, litigative risks, public interest considerations, 
    precedential value, and inequities and aggravating factors, not to 
    include the exception referred to in subparagraph (A) if other 
    terms, conditions, or requirements of the agreement containing the 
    covenant not to sue are sufficient to provide all reasonable 
    assurances that public health and the environment will be protected 
    from any future releases at or from the facility.
        (C) The President is authorized to include any provisions 
    allowing future enforcement action under section 9606 or 9607 of 
    this title that in the discretion of the President are necessary and 
    appropriate to assure protection of public health, welfare, and the 
    environment.

(g) De minimis settlements

                   (1) Expedited final settlement

        Whenever practicable and in the public interest, as determined 
    by the President, the President shall as promptly as possible reach 
    a final settlement with a potentially responsible party in an 
    administrative or civil action under section 9606 or 9607 of this 
    title if such settlement involves only a minor portion of the 
    response costs at the facility concerned and, in the judgment of the 
    President, the conditions in either of the following subparagraph 
    (A) or (B) are met:
            (A) Both of the following are minimal in comparison to other 
        hazardous substances at the facility:
                (i) The amount of the hazardous substances contributed 
            by that party to the facility.
                (ii) The toxic or other hazardous effects of the 
            substances contributed by that party to the facility.

            (B) The potentially responsible party--
                (i) is the owner of the real property on or in which the 
            facility is located;
                (ii) did not conduct or permit the generation, 
            transportation, storage, treatment, or disposal of any 
            hazardous substance at the facility; and
                (iii) did not contribute to the release or threat of 
            release of a hazardous substance at the facility through any 
            action or omission.

        This subparagraph (B) does not apply if the potentially 
        responsible party purchased the real property with actual or 
        constructive knowledge that the property was used for the 
        generation, transportation, storage, treatment, or disposal of 
        any hazardous substance.

                       (2) Covenant not to sue

        The President may provide a covenant not to sue with respect to 
    the facility concerned to any party who has entered into a 
    settlement under this subsection unless such a covenant would be 
    inconsistent with the public interest as determined under subsection 
    (f) of this section.

                       (3) Expedited agreement

        The President shall reach any such settlement or grant any such 
    covenant not to sue as soon as possible after the President has 
    available the information necessary to reach such a settlement or 
    grant such a covenant.

             (4) Consent decree or administrative order

        A settlement under this subsection shall be entered as a consent 
    decree or embodied in an administrative order setting forth the 
    terms of the settlement. In the case of any facility where the total 
    response costs exceed $500,000 (excluding interest), if the 
    settlement is embodied as an administrative order, the order may be 
    issued only with the prior written approval of the Attorney General. 
    If the Attorney General or his designee has not approved or 
    disapproved the order within 30 days of this referral, the order 
    shall be deemed to be approved unless the Attorney General and the 
    Administrator have agreed to extend the time. The district court for 
    the district in which the release or threatened release occurs may 
    enforce any such administrative order.

                       (5) Effect of agreement

        A party who has resolved its liability to the United States 
    under this subsection shall not be liable for claims for 
    contribution regarding matters addressed in the settlement. Such 
    settlement does not discharge any of the other potentially 
    responsible parties unless its terms so provide, but it reduces the 
    potential liability of the others by the amount of the settlement.

     (6) Settlements with other potentially responsible parties

        Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to affect the 
    authority of the President to reach settlements with other 
    potentially responsible parties under this chapter.

(h) Cost recovery settlement authority

                       (1) Authority to settle

        The head of any department or agency with authority to undertake 
    a response action under this chapter pursuant to the national 
    contingency plan may consider, compromise, and settle a claim under 
    section 9607 of this title for costs incurred by the United States 
    Government if the claim has not been referred to the Department of 
    Justice for further action. In the case of any facility where the 
    total response costs exceed $500,000 (excluding interest), any claim 
    referred to in the preceding sentence may be compromised and settled 
    only with the prior written approval of the Attorney General.

                       (2) Use of arbitration

        Arbitration in accordance with regulations promulgated under 
    this subsection may be used as a method of settling claims of the 
    United States where the total response costs for the facility 
    concerned do not exceed $500,000 (excluding interest). After 
    consultation with the Attorney General, the department or agency 
    head may establish and publish regulations for the use of 
    arbitration or settlement under this subsection.

                       (3) Recovery of claims

        If any person fails to pay a claim that has been settled under 
    this subsection, the department or agency head shall request the 
    Attorney General to bring a civil action in an appropriate district 
    court to recover the amount of such claim, plus costs, attorneys' 
    fees, and interest from the date of the settlement. In such an 
    action, the terms of the settlement shall not be subject to review.

                     (4) Claims for contribution

        A person who has resolved its liability to the United States 
    under this subsection shall not be liable for claims for 
    contribution regarding matters addressed in the settlement. Such 
    settlement shall not discharge any of the other potentially liable 
    persons unless its terms so provide, but it reduces the potential 
    liability of the others by the amount of the settlement.

(i) Settlement procedures

                 (1) Publication in Federal Register

        At least 30 days before any settlement (including any settlement 
    arrived at through arbitration) may become final under subsection 
    (h) of this section, or under subsection (g) of this section in the 
    case of a settlement embodied in an administrative order, the head 
    of the department or agency which has jurisdiction over the proposed 
    settlement shall publish in the Federal Register notice of the 
    proposed settlement. The notice shall identify the facility 
    concerned and the parties to the proposed settlement.

                         (2) Comment period

        For a 30-day period beginning on the date of publication of 
    notice under paragraph (1) of a proposed settlement, the head of the 
    department or agency which has jurisdiction over the proposed 
    settlement shall provide an opportunity for persons who are not 
    parties to the proposed settlement to file written comments relating 
    to the proposed settlement.

                    (3) Consideration of comments

        The head of the department or agency shall consider any comments 
    filed under paragraph (2) in determining whether or not to consent 
    to the proposed settlement and may withdraw or withhold consent to 
    the proposed settlement if such comments disclose facts or 
    considerations which indicate the proposed settlement is 
    inappropriate, improper, or inadequate.

(j) Natural resources

                     (1) Notification of trustee

        Where a release or threatened release of any hazardous substance 
    that is the subject of negotiations under this section may have 
    resulted in damages to natural resources under the trusteeship of 
    the United States, the President shall notify the Federal natural 
    resource trustee of the negotiations and shall encourage the 
    participation of such trustee in the negotiations.

                       (2) Covenant not to sue

        An agreement under this section may contain a covenant not to 
    sue under section 9607(a)(4)(C) of this title for damages to natural 
    resources under the trusteeship of the United States resulting from 
    the release or threatened release of hazardous substances that is 
    the subject of the agreement, but only if the Federal natural 
    resource trustee has agreed in writing to such covenant. The Federal 
    natural resource trustee may agree to such covenant if the 
    potentially responsible party agrees to undertake appropriate 
    actions necessary to protect and restore the natural resources 
    damaged by such release or threatened release of hazardous 
    substances.

(k) Section not applicable to vessels

    The provisions of this section shall not apply to releases from a 
vessel.

(l) Civil penalties

    A potentially responsible party which is a party to an 
administrative order or consent decree entered pursuant to an agreement 
under this section or section 9620 of this title (relating to Federal 
facilities) or which is a party to an agreement under section 9620 of 
this title and which fails or refuses to comply with any term or 
condition of the order, decree or agreement shall be subject to a civil 
penalty in accordance with section 9609 of this title.

(m) Applicability of general principles of law

    In the case of consent decrees and other settlements under this 
section (including covenants not to sue), no provision of this chapter 
shall be construed to preclude or otherwise affect the applicability of 
general principles of law regarding the setting aside or modification of 
consent decrees or other settlements.

(Pub. L. 96-510, title I, Sec. 122, as added Pub. L. 99-499, title I, 
Sec. 122(a), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1678.)

                       References in Text

    The Federal Rules of Evidence, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(B), are 
set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.


            Coordination of Titles I to IV of Pub. L. 99-499

    Any provision of titles I to IV of Pub. L. 99-499, imposing any tax, 
premium, or fee; establishing any trust fund; or authorizing 
expenditures from any trust fund, to have no force or effect, see 
section 531 of Pub. L. 99-499, set out as a note under section 1 of 
Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

                  Section Referred to in Other Sections

    This section is referred to in sections 9604, 9609, 9613, 9617, 
9619, 9620, 9657 of this title; title 10 section 2701; title 14 section 
691.
