
From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
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[Laws in effect as of January 23, 2000]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
  January 23, 2000 and December 4, 2001]
[CITE: 45USC431]

 
                           TITLE 45--RAILROADS
 
                       CHAPTER 13--RAILROAD SAFETY
 
        SUBCHAPTER II--RULES, REGULATIONS, ORDERS, AND STANDARDS
 
Secs. 431 to 447. Repealed. Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 
        1994, 108 Stat. 1379
        
    Section 431, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 202, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 971; Pub. L. 94-348, Sec. 5, July 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 819; Pub. L. 
96-423, Sec. 14, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1817; Pub. L. 97-468, title 
VII, Sec. 702(a), (c), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2579; Pub. L. 100-342, 
Secs. 4(a), 7, 9, 10, 19(a), 21-23, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 625, 628, 
629, 637-639; Pub. L. 102-143, title V, Sec. 4, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 
957; Pub. L. 102-365, Secs. 2, 5(a)(1), 7, 8, 10, Sept. 3, 1992, 106 
Stat. 972, 975, 976, 978; Pub. L. 102-533, Sec. 14, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 
Stat. 3522, authorized Secretary of Transportation to promulgate rules, 
regulations, orders, and standards for all areas of railroad safety. See 
sections 20102, 20103, 20103 note, 20108, 20110, 20114, 20131 to 20143, 
and 24902 of Title 49, Transportation.
    Section 432, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 203, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 972; Pub. L. 96-423, Sec. 3, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1811, related 
to emergency powers of Secretary of Transportation. See section 20104 of 
Title 49.
    Section 433, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 204, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 972, required Secretary of Transportation to submit comprehensive 
study and recommendation of means of eliminating and protecting railroad 
grade crossings and protecting pedestrians. See section 20134 of Title 
49.
    Section 434, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 205, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 972, declared that laws, rules, regulations, orders, and standards 
relating to railroad safety were to be nationally uniform, but permitted 
more stringent yet compatible State regulation. See section 20106 of 
Title 49.
    Section 435, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 206, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 972; Pub. L. 96-423, Sec. 4, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1812; Pub. L. 
101-615, Sec. 28(a)-(d), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3276, 3277, related to 
investigative and surveillance activities by State in connection with 
any rule, regulation, order, or standard related to railroad safety 
prescribed by Secretary of Transportation. See sections 20105, 20111, 
and 20117 of Title 49.
    Section 436, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 207, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 974; Pub. L. 95-574, Sec. 8, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2461; Pub. L. 
96-423, Sec. 5, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1812; Pub. L. 101-615, 
Sec. 28(e), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3277, related to actions by State 
agencies to enforce compliance with Federal railroad safety rules, 
regulations, orders, and standards. See section 20113 of Title 49.
    Section 437, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 208, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 974; Pub. L. 93-633, title II, Sec. 206, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 
2166; Pub. L. 95-574, Sec. 9, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2462; Pub. L. 96-
423, Sec. 6, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1813; Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 8, June 
22, 1988, 102 Stat. 628, related to general powers of Secretary of 
Transportation. See section 54a of this title and sections 20107, 20108, 
20111, and 20112 of Title 49.
    Section 438, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 209, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 975; Pub. L. 93-633, title II, Sec. 204(a), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 
2165; Pub. L. 96-423, Secs. 7, 8(a), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1814; Pub. 
L. 97-468, title VII, Sec. 706, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2581; Pub. L. 
100-342, Sec. 3(a), June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 624; Pub. L. 102-365, 
Secs. 4(a)(1), (c)(1), 9(a)(1), Sept. 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 973, 974, 977, 
related to civil penalties for violations of any railroad safety rule, 
regulation, order, or standard issued under this subchapter or 
violations of section 39 of this title. See sections 20111, 20112, 
20114, 21301, 21302, 21304, and 21311 of Title 49.
    Section 439, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 210, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 975; Pub. L. 96-423, Sec. 9, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1814; Pub. L. 
101-615, Sec. 28(f), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3277, related to restraint 
of violations of this subchapter and certain other statutes and to 
enforcement of rules, etc., established under such subchapter or 
statutes. See sections 20112 to 20114 of Title 49.
    Section 440, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 211, Oct. 16, 1970, 84 
Stat. 976; Pub. L. 93-633, title II, Sec. 203, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 
2164; Pub. L. 94-56, Sec. 2, July 19, 1975, 89 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 96-
470, title II, Sec. 209(a), Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2245; Pub. L. 100-
342, Sec. 12, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 630, related to annual report by 
Secretary of Transportation on administration of this subchapter. See 
section 20116 of Title 49.
    Section 441, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 212, as added Pub. L. 
96-423, Sec. 10, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1815; amended Pub. L. 100-342, 
Sec. 5, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 627; Pub. L. 102-365, Sec. 5(b), Sept. 
3, 1992, 106 Stat. 975, related to protection and rights of railroad 
employees. See section 20109 of Title 49.
    A prior section 441, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 212, Oct. 16, 
1970, 84 Stat. 977; Pub. L. 93-90, Sec. 2, Aug. 14, 1973, 87 Stat. 305; 
Pub. L. 93-633, title II, Sec. 205, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2166; Pub. L. 
94-56, Sec. 3, July 19, 1975, 89 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 94-348, Sec. 2(a), 
July 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 817; Pub. L. 95-574, Sec. 2, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 
Stat. 2459, authorized appropriations to carry out this chapter, prior 
to repeal by Pub. L. 96-423, Sec. 2, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1811.
    Section 442, Pub. L. 95-574, Sec. 3, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2459, 
related to limitations on funding for railroad research and development 
programs. See section 20117 of Title 49, Transportation.
    Section 443, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 213, as added Pub. L. 
96-423, Sec. 11, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1816, related to pay 
classifications of railroad safety inspectors and railroad safety 
specialists. See section 5109(c) of Title 5, Government Organization and 
Employees.
    Section 444, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 214, as added Pub. L. 
96-423, Sec. 2, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1811; amended Pub. L. 97-35, 
title XI, Sec. 1195, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 702; Pub. L. 97-468, title 
VII, Sec. 703, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2580; Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 2, 
June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 624; Pub. L. 101-508, title X, Sec. 10501(b), 
Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-400; Pub. L. 102-365, Sec. 12, Sept. 3, 
1992, 106 Stat. 980, authorized appropriations to carry out this 
chapter. See sections 20108 and 20117 of Title 49, Transportation.
    Section 445, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 215, as added Pub. L. 
100-342, Sec. 20, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 638, related to grade 
crossing demonstration projects to reduce accidents involving trains. 
See sections 20117 and 20134 of Title 49.
    Section 446, Pub. L. 101-647, title XVII, Sec. 1704, Nov. 29, 1990, 
104 Stat. 4846, related to railroad police officers. See section 26101 
of Title 49.
    Section 447, Pub. L. 91-458, title II, Sec. 216, as added Pub. L. 
101-508, title X, Sec. 10501(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-399, 
related to railroad user fees. See section 20115 of Title 49.
