
From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
[wais.access.gpo.gov]
[Laws in effect as of January 2, 2001]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
  January 2, 2001 and January 28, 2002]
[CITE: 7USC609]

 
                          TITLE 7--AGRICULTURE
 
                   CHAPTER 26--AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT
 
                   SUBCHAPTER III--COMMODITY BENEFITS
 
Sec. 609. Processing tax; methods of computation; rate; what 
        constitutes processing; publicity as to tax to avoid 
        profiteering
        
    (a) To obtain revenue for extraordinary expenses incurred by reason 
of the national economic emergency, there shall be levied processing 
taxes as hereinafter provided. When the Secretary of Agriculture 
determines that any one or more payments authorized to be made under 
section 608 of this title are to be made with respect to any basic 
agricultural commodity, he shall proclaim such determination, and a 
processing tax shall be in effect with respect to such commodity from 
the beginning of the marketing year therefor next following the date of 
such proclamation; except that (1) in the case of sugar beets and 
sugarcane, the Secretary of Agriculture shall, on or before the 
thirtieth day after May 9, 1934, proclaim that rental or benefit 
payments with respect to said commodities are to be made, and the 
processing tax shall be in effect on and after the thirtieth day after 
May 9, 1934, and (2) in the case of rice, the Secretary of Agriculture 
shall, before April 1, 1935, proclaim that rental or benefit payments 
are to be made with respect thereto, and the processing tax shall be in 
effect on and after April 1, 1935. In the case of sugar beets and 
sugarcane, the calendar year shall be considered to be the marketing 
year and for the year 1934 the marketing year shall begin January 1, 
1934. In the case of rice, the period from August 1 to July 31, both 
inclusive, shall be considered to be the marketing year. The processing 
tax shall be levied, assessed, and collected upon the first domestic 
processing of the commodity, whether of domestic production or imported, 
and shall be paid by the processor. The rate of tax shall conform to the 
requirements of subsection (b) of this section. Such rate shall be 
determined by the Secretary of Agriculture as of the date the tax first 
takes effect, and the rate so determined shall, at such intervals as the 
Secretary finds necessary to effectuate the declared policy, be adjusted 
by him to conform to such requirements. The processing tax shall 
terminate at the end of the marketing year current at the time the 
Secretary proclaims that all payments authorized under section 608 of 
this title which are in effect are to be discontinued with respect to 
such commodity. The marketing year for each commodity shall be 
ascertained and prescribed by regulations of the Secretary of 
Agriculture: Provided, That upon any article upon which a manufacturers' 
sales tax is levied under the authority of the Revenue Act of 1932, act 
June 6, 1932, ch. 209, 47 Stat. 169-289, and which manufacturers' sales 
tax is computed on the basis of weight, such manufacturers' sales tax 
shall be computed on the basis of the weight of said finished article 
less the weight of the processed cotton contained therein on which a 
processing tax has been paid.
    (b)(1) The processing tax shall be at such rate as equals the 
difference between the current average farm price for the commodity and 
the fair exchange value of the commodity, plus such percentage of such 
difference, not to exceed 20 per centum, as the Secretary of Agriculture 
may determine will result in the collection, in any marketing year with 
respect to which such rate of tax may be in effect pursuant to the 
provisions of this chapter, of an amount of tax equal to (A) the amount 
of credits or refunds which he estimates will be allowed or made during 
such period pursuant to section 615(c) of this title with respect to the 
commodity and (B) the amount of tax which he estimates would have been 
collected during such period upon all processings of such commodity, 
which are exempt from tax by reason of the fact that such processings 
are done by or for a State, or a political subdivision or an institution 
thereof, had such processings been subject to tax. If, prior to the time 
the tax takes effect, or at any time thereafter, the Secretary has 
reason to believe that the tax at such rate, or at the then existing 
rate, on the processing of the commodity generally or for any designated 
use or uses, or on the processing of the commodity in the production of 
any designated product or products thereof for any designated use or 
uses, will cause or is causing such reduction in the quantity of the 
commodity or products thereof domestically consumed as to result in the 
accumulation of surplus stocks of the commodity or products thereof or 
in the depression of the farm price of the commodity, then the Secretary 
shall cause an appropriate investigation to be made, and afford due 
notice and opportunity for hearing to interested parties. If thereupon 
the Secretary determines and proclaims that any such result will occur 
or is occurring, then the processing tax on the processing of the 
commodity generally or for any designated use or uses, or on the 
processing of the commodity in the production of any designated product 
or products thereof for any designated use or uses, shall be at such 
lower rate or rates as he determines and proclaims will prevent such 
accumulation of surplus stocks and depression of the farm price of the 
commodity, and the tax shall remain during its effective period at such 
lower rate until the Secretary, after due notice and opportunity for 
hearing to interested parties, determines and proclaims that an increase 
in the rate of such tax will not cause such accumulation of surplus 
stocks or depression of the farm price of the commodity. Thereafter the 
processing tax shall be at the highest rate which the Secretary 
determines will not cause such accumulation of surplus stocks or 
depression of the farm price of the commodity, but it shall not be 
higher than the rate provided in the first sentence of this paragraph.
    (2) In the case of wheat, cotton, field corn, hogs, peanuts, 
tobacco, paper, and jute, and (except as provided in paragraph (8) of 
this subsection) in the case of sugarcane and sugar beets, the tax on 
the first domestic processing of the commodity generally or for any 
particular use, or in the production of any designated product for any 
designated use, shall be levied, assessed, collected, and paid at the 
rate prescribed by the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture in 
effect on August 24, 1935, during the period from such date to December 
31, 1937, both dates inclusive.
    (3) For the period from April 1, 1935, to July 31, 1936, both 
inclusive, the processing tax with respect to rice shall be levied, 
assessed, collected, and paid at the rate of 1 cent per pound of rough 
rice.
    (4) For the period from September 1, 1935, to December 31, 1937, 
both inclusive, the processing tax with respect to rye shall be levied, 
assessed, collected, and paid at the rate of 30 cents per bushel of 
fifty-six pounds. In the case of rye, the first marketing year shall be 
considered to be the period commencing September 1, 1935, and ending 
June 30, 1936. Subsequent marketing years shall commence on July 1 and 
end on June 30 of the succeeding year. The provisions of section 616 of 
this title shall not apply in the case of rye.
    (5) If at any time prior to December 31, 1937, a tax with respect to 
barley becomes effective pursuant to proclamation as provided in 
subsection (a) of this section, such tax shall be levied, assessed, 
collected, and paid during the period from the date upon which such tax 
becomes effective to December 31, 1937, both inclusive, at the rate of 
25 cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. The provisions of section 616 
of this title shall not apply in the case of barley.
    (6)(A) Any rate of tax which is prescribed in paragraphs (2) to (4), 
or (5) of this subsection or which is established pursuant to this 
paragraph on the processing of any commodity generally or for any 
designated use or uses, or on the processing of the commodity in the 
production of any designated product or products thereof for any 
designated use or uses, shall be decreased (including a decrease to 
zero) in accordance with the formulae, standards, and requirements of 
paragraph (1) of this subsection, in order to prevent such reduction in 
the quantity of such commodity or the products thereof domestically 
consumed as will result in the accumulation of surplus stocks of such 
commodity or the products thereof or in the depression of the farm price 
of the commodity, and shall thereafter be increased in accordance with 
the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection but subject to the 
provisions of subdivision (B) of this paragraph.
    (B) If the average farm price of any commodity, the rate of tax on 
the processing of which is prescribed in paragraphs (2) to (4), or (5) 
of this subsection or is established pursuant to this paragraph, during 
any period of twelve successive months ending after July 1, 1935, 
consisting of the first ten months of any marketing year and the last 
two months of the preceding marketing year--
        (i) is equal to, or exceeds by 10 per centum or less, the fair 
    exchange value thereof, or, in the case of tobacco, is less than the 
    fair exchange value by not more than 10 per centum, the rate of such 
    tax shall (subject to the provisions of subdivision (A) of this 
    paragraph) be adjusted, at the beginning of the next succeeding 
    marketing year, to such rate as equals 20 per centum of the fair 
    exchange value thereof.
        (ii) exceeds by more than 10 per centum, but not more than 20 
    per centum, the fair exchange value thereof, the rate of such tax 
    shall (subject to the provisions of subdivision (A) of this 
    paragraph) be adjusted, at the beginning of the next succeeding 
    marketing year, to such rate as equals 15 per centum of the fair 
    exchange value thereof.
        (iii) exceeds by more than 20 per centum the fair exchange value 
    thereof, the rate of such tax shall (subject to the provisions of 
    subdivision (A) of this paragraph) be adjusted, at the beginning of 
    the next succeeding marketing year, to such rate as equals 10 per 
    centum of the fair exchange value thereof.

    (C) Any rate of tax which has been adjusted pursuant to this 
paragraph shall remain at such adjusted rate unless further adjusted or 
terminated pursuant to this paragraph, until December 31, 1937, or until 
July 31, 1936, in the case of rice.
    (D) In accordance with the formulae, standards, and requirements 
prescribed in this chapter, any rate of tax prescribed in paragraphs (2) 
to (4) or (5) of this subsection or which is established pursuant to 
this paragraph shall be increased.
    (E) Any tax, the rate of which is prescribed in paragraphs (2) to 
(4), or (5) of this subsection or which is established pursuant to this 
paragraph, shall terminate pursuant to proclamation as provided in 
subsection (a) of this section or pursuant to section 613 of this title. 
Any such tax with respect to any basic commodity which terminates 
pursuant to proclamation as provided in subsection (a) of this section 
shall again become effective at the rate prescribed in paragraphs (2) to 
(4), or (5) of this subsection, subject however to the provisions of 
subdivisions (A) and (B) of this paragraph, from the beginning of the 
marketing year for such commodity next following the date of a new 
proclamation by the Secretary as provided in subsection (a) of this 
section, if such marketing year begins prior to December 31, 1937, or 
prior to July 31, 1936, in the case of rice, and shall remain at such 
rate until altered or terminated pursuant to this section or terminated 
pursuant to section 613 of this title.
    (F) After December 31, 1937 (in the case of the commodities 
specified in paragraphs (2), (4), and (5) of this subsection), and after 
July 31, 1936 (in the case of rice), rates of tax shall be determined by 
the Secretary of Agriculture in accordance with the formulae, standards, 
and requirements prescribed in this chapter but not in this paragraph, 
and shall, subject to such formulae, standards, and requirements, 
thereafter be effective.
    (G) If the applicability to any person or circumstances of any tax, 
the rate of which is fixed in pursuance of this paragraph, is finally 
held invalid by reason of any provision of the Constitution, or is 
finally held invalid by reason of the Secretary of Agriculture's 
exercise or failure to exercise any power conferred on him under this 
chapter, there shall be levied, assessed, collected, and paid (in lieu 
of all rates of tax fixed in pursuance of this paragraph with respect to 
all tax liabilities incurred under this chapter on or after the 
effective date of each of the rates of tax fixed in pursuance of this 
paragraph), rates of tax fixed under paragraphs (2) to (4), or (5) of 
this subsection, and such rates shall be in effect (unless the 
particular tax is terminated pursuant to proclamation, as provided in 
subsection (a) of this section or pursuant to section 613 of this title) 
until altered by Act of Congress; except that, for any period prior to 
the effective date of such holding of invalidity, the amount of tax 
which represents the difference between the tax at the rate fixed in 
pursuance of this paragraph (6) and the tax at the rate fixed under 
paragraphs (2) to (4), and (5) shall not be levied, assessed, collected 
or paid.
    (7) In the case of rice, the weight to which the rate of tax shall 
be applied shall be the weight of rough rice when delivered to a 
processor, except that, where the producer processes his own rice, the 
weight to which the rate of tax shall be applied shall be the weight of 
rough rice when delivered to the place of processing.
    (8) In the case of sugar beets or sugarcane the rate of tax shall be 
applied to the direct-consumption sugar, resulting from the first 
domestic processing, translated into terms of pounds of raw value 
according to regulations to be issued by the Secretary of Agriculture, 
and in the event that the Secretary increases or decreases the rate of 
tax fixed by paragraph (2) of this subsection, pursuant to the 
provisions of paragraph (6) of this subsection, then the rate of tax to 
be so applied shall be the higher of the two following quotients: The 
difference between the current average farm price and the fair exchange 
value (A) of a ton of sugar beets and (B) of a ton of sugarcane, divided 
in the case of each commodity by the average extraction therefrom of 
sugar in terms of pounds of raw value (which average extraction shall be 
determined from available statistics of the Department of Agriculture); 
the rate of tax fixed by paragraph (2) of this subsection or adjusted 
pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this subsection shall in 
no event exceed the amount of the reduction by the President on a pound 
of sugar raw value of the rate of duty in effect on January 1, 1934, 
under paragraph 501 of section 1001 \1\ of title 19, as adjusted to the 
treaty of commercial reciprocity concluded between the United States and 
the Republic of Cuba on December 11, 1902, and/or the provisions of 
sections 124 and 125 of title 19.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ See References in Text note below.
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    (9) In computing the current average farm price in the case of 
wheat, premiums paid producers for protein content shall not be taken 
into account.
    (c) For the purposes of this chapter, the fair exchange value of a 
commodity shall be the price therefor that will give the commodity the 
same purchasing power, with respect to articles farmers buy, as such 
commodity had during the base period specified in section 602 of this 
title; and, in the case of all commodities where the base period is the 
prewar period, August 1909 to July 1914, will also reflect interest 
payments per acre on farm indebtedness secured by real estate and tax 
payments per acre on farm real estate, as contrasted with such interest 
payments and tax payments during said base period; and the current 
average farm price and the fair exchange value shall be ascertained by 
the Secretary of Agriculture from available statistics of the Department 
of Agriculture. The rate of tax upon the processing of any commodity in 
effect on August 24, 1935, shall not be affected by the adoption of this 
amendment and shall not be required to be adjusted or altered, unless 
the Secretary of Agriculture finds that it is necessary to adjust or 
alter any such rate pursuant to subsection (a) of this section.
    (d) As used in this chapter--
    (1) In case of wheat, rye, barley and corn, the term ``processing'' 
means the milling or other processing (except cleaning and drying) of 
wheat, rye, barley or corn for market, including custom milling for toll 
as well as commercial milling, but shall not include the grinding or 
cracking thereof not in the form of flour for feed purposes only.
    (2) In case of cotton, the term ``processing'' means the spinning, 
manufacturing, or other processing (except ginning) of cotton; and the 
term ``cotton'' shall not include cotton linters.
    (3) In case of tobacco, the term ``processing'' means the 
manufacturing or other processing (except drying or converting into 
insecticides and fertilizers) of tobacco.
    (4) Repealed. June 26, 1934, ch. 759, Sec. 2(a), 48 Stat. 1242.
    (5) Repealed. Aug. 24, 1935, ch. 641, Sec. 14(b), 49 Stat. 767.
    (6) In the case of sugar beets and sugarcane--
        (A) The term ``first domestic processing'' means each domestic 
    processing, including each processing of successive domestic 
    processings, of sugar beets, sugarcane, or raw sugar, which directly 
    results in direct-consumption sugar.
        (B) The term ``sugar'' means sugar in any form whatsoever, 
    derived from sugar beets or sugarcane, whether raw sugar or direct-
    consumption sugar, including also edible molasses, sirups, and any 
    mixture containing sugar (except blackstrap molasses and beet 
    molasses).
        (C) The term ``blackstrap molasses'' means the commercially so-
    designated ``byproduct'' of the cane-sugar industry, not used for 
    human consumption or for the extraction of sugar.
        (D) The term ``beet molasses'' means the commercially so-
    designated ``byproduct'' of the beet-sugar industry, not used for 
    human consumption or for the extraction of sugar.
        (E) The term ``raw sugar'' means any sugar, as defined above, 
    manufactured or marketed in, or brought into, the United States, in 
    any form whatsoever, for the purpose of being, or which shall be, 
    further refined (or improved in quality, or further prepared for 
    distribution or use).
        (F) The term ``direct-consumption sugar'' means any sugar, as 
    defined above, manufactured or marketed in, or brought into, the 
    United States in any form whatsoever, for any purpose other than to 
    be further refined (or improved in quality, or further prepared for 
    distribution or use).
        (G) The term ``raw value'' means a standard unit of sugar 
    testing ninety-six sugar degrees by the polariscope. All taxes shall 
    be imposed and all quotas shall be established in terms of ``raw 
    value'' and for purposes of quota and tax measurements all sugar 
    shall be translated into terms of ``raw value'' according to 
    regulations to be issued by the Secretary, except that in the case 
    of direct-consumption sugar produced in continental United States 
    from sugar beets the raw value of such sugar shall be one and seven 
    one-hundredths times the weight thereof.

    (7) In the case of rice--
        (A) The term ``rough rice'' means rice in that condition which 
    is usual and customary when delivered by the producer to a 
    processor.
        (B) The term ``processing'' means the cleaning shelling, milling 
    (including custom milling for toll as well as commercial milling), 
    grinding, rolling, or other processing (except grinding or cracking 
    by or for the producer thereof for feed for his own livestock, 
    cleaning by or directly for a producer for seed purposes, and 
    drying) of rough rice; and in the case of rough rice with respect to 
    which a tax-payment warrant has been previously issued or applied 
    for by application then pending, the term ``processing'' means any 
    one of the above mentioned processings or any preparation or 
    handling in connection with the sale or other disposition thereof.
        (C) The term ``cooperating producer'' means any person 
    (including any share-tenant or share-cropper) whom the Secretary of 
    Agriculture finds to be willing to participate in the 1935 
    production-adjustment program for rice.
        (D) The term ``processor'', as used in subsection (b-1) of 
    section 615 of this title, means any person (including a cooperative 
    association of producers) engaged in the processing of rice on a 
    commercial basis (including custom milling for toll as well as 
    commercial milling).

    (8) In the case of any other commodity, the term ``processing'' 
means any manufacturing or other processing involving a change in the 
form of the commodity or its preparation for distribution or use, as 
defined by regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture; and in 
prescribing such regulations the Secretary shall give due weight to the 
customs of the industry.
    (e) When any processing tax, or increase or decrease therein, takes 
effect in respect of a commodity the Secretary of Agriculture, in order 
to prevent pyramiding of the processing tax and profiteering in the sale 
of the products derived from the commodity, shall make public such 
information as he deems necessary regarding (1) the relationship between 
the processing tax and the price paid to producers of the commodity, (2) 
the effect of the processing tax upon prices to consumers of products of 
the commodity, (3) the relationship, in previous periods, between prices 
paid to the producers of the commodity and prices to consumers of the 
products thereof, and (4) the situation in foreign countries relating to 
prices paid to producers of the commodity and prices to consumers of the 
products thereof.
    (f) For the purposes of this chapter, processing shall be held to 
include manufacturing.
    (g) Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed to 
authorize any tax upon the processing of any commodity which processing 
results in the production of newsprint.

(May 12, 1933, ch. 25, title I, Sec. 9, 48 Stat. 35; Apr. 7, 1934, ch. 
103, Sec. 3(a), 48 Stat. 528; May 9, 1934, ch. 263, Secs. 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 
48 Stat. 670, 671, 675, 676; June 26, 1934, ch. 759, Sec. 2, 48 Stat. 
1242; Mar. 18, 1935, ch. 32, Secs. 1-6, 49 Stat. 45, 46; Aug. 24, 1935, 
ch. 641, Secs. 11-15, 49 Stat. 762-767.)

                       References in Text

    Section 1001 of title 19, referred to in subsec. (b)(8), was 
repealed by Pub. L. 87-456, title I, Sec. 101(a), May 24, 1962, 76 Stat. 
72. See Publication of Harmonized Tariff Schedule note set out under 
section 1202 of Title 19, Customs Duties.
    The treaty of commercial reciprocity concluded between the United 
States and Cuba on December 11, 1902, referred to in subsec. (b)(8), was 
terminated Aug. 21, 1963, pursuant to notice given by the United States 
on Aug. 21, 1962. See, Bevans, Treaties and Other International 
Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949, vol. VI, page 
1106.
    Sections 124 and 125 of title 19, referred to in subsec. (b)(8), 
have been omitted from the Code.
    Phrase ``this amendment'' in subsec. (c) refers to amendments by act 
Aug. 24, 1935.


                               Amendments

    1935--Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 24, 1935, Sec. 11, struck out second 
sentence preceding semicolon and inserted in lieu thereof ``When the 
Secretary of Agriculture determines that any one or more payments 
authorized to be made under section 608 of this title are to be made 
with respect to any basic agricultural commodity, he shall proclaim such 
determination, and a processing tax shall be in effect with respect to 
such commodity from the beginning of the marketing year therefor next 
following the date of such proclamation.''
    Act Mar. 18, 1935, Secs. 1, 2, struck out comma after ``except 
that'' in second sentence and inserted in lieu thereof ``(i)'', and 
inserted ``and (2) in the case of rice, the Secretary of Agriculture 
shall, before April 1, 1935, proclaim that rental or benefit payments 
are to be made with respect thereto, and the processing tax shall be in 
effect on and after April 1, 1935''.
    Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 24, 1935, Sec. 12, amended subsec. (b) 
generally.
    Act Mar. 18, 1935, Secs. 3, 4, among other changes inserted ``In the 
case of rice, the weight to which the rate of tax shall be applied shall 
be the weight of rough rice when delivered to a processor, except that 
where the producer processes his own rice, the weight to which the rate 
of tax shall be applied shall be the weight of rough rice when delivered 
to the place of processing.''
    Subsec. (c). Act Aug. 24, 1935, Sec. 13, among other changes 
inserted ``The rate of tax upon the processing of any commodity, in 
effect on August 24, 1935, shall not be affected by the adoption of this 
amendment and shall not be required to be adjusted or altered, unless 
the Secretary of Agriculture finds that it is necessary to adjust or 
alter any such rate pursuant to subsection (a) of this section.''
    Subsec. (d). Act Aug. 24, 1935, Sec. 14, inserted ``, rye, barley'' 
after ``wheat'' wherever appearing and struck out par. (5).
    Act Mar. 18, 1935, Secs. 5, 6, struck out ``, rice,'' in two places 
in par. (1), added par. (7), and renumbered former par. (7) as (8).
    Subsec. (g). Act Aug. 24, 1935, Sec. 15, added subsec. (g).
    1934--Subsec. (a). Act May 9, 1934, Sec. 9, struck out the period 
after ``proclamation'' and inserted in lieu thereof ``; except that, in 
the case of sugar beets and sugarcane, the Secretary of Agriculture 
shall, on or before the thirtieth day after May 9, 1934, proclaim that 
rental or benefit payments with respect to said commodities are to be 
made, and the processing tax shall be in effect on and after the 
thirtieth day after May 9, 1934. In the case of sugar beets and 
sugarcane, the calendar year shall be considered to be the marketing 
year and for the year 1934 the marketing year shall begin January 1, 
1934.''
    Subsec. (b). Act May 9, 1934, Sec. 3, among other changes amended 
first two sentences and inserted ``In the case of sugar beets or 
sugarcane the rate of tax shall be applied to the direct-consumption 
sugar, resulting from the first domestic processing, translated into 
terms of pounds of raw value according to regulations to be issued by 
the Secretary of Agriculture, and the rate of tax to be so applied shall 
be the higher of the two following quotients: The difference between the 
current average farm price and the fair exchange value (1) of a ton of 
sugar beets and (2) of a ton of sugarcane, divided in the case of each 
commodity by the average extraction therefrom of sugar in terms of 
pounds of raw value (which average extraction shall be determined from 
available statistics of the Department of Agriculture); except that such 
rate shall not exceed the amount of the reduction by the President on a 
pound of sugar raw value of the rate of duty in effect on January 1, 
1934, under paragraph 501 of section 1001 of Title 19, as adjusted to 
the treaty of commercial reciprocity concluded between the United States 
and the Republic of Cuba on December 11, 1902, and/or the provisions of 
sections 124 and 125 of Title 19.''
    Subsec. (d). Act June 26, 1934, Sec. 2(a), struck out par. (4).
    Act June 26, 1934, Sec. 2(b), amended par. (7).
    Act May 9, 1934, Secs. 2, 5, amended par. (6) generally and 
renumbered former par. (6) as (7).
    Act Apr. 7, 1934, added par. (5) and renumbered former par. (5) as 
(6).
    Subsec. (f). Act May 9, 1934, Sec. 6, added subsec. (f).


                           Unconstitutionality

    This section may be obsolete in view of the Supreme Court's holding 
that the processing and floor stock taxes provided for by the 
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 are unconstitutional. See U.S. v. 
Butler, Mass. 1936, 56 S.Ct. 312, 297 U.S. 1, 80 L.Ed. 477, 102 A.L.R. 
914.


                              Separability

    Validity of remainder of this chapter as not affected should any of 
those provisions be declared unconstitutional, see section 614 of this 
title.

                  Section Referred to in Other Sections

    This section is referred to in sections 619a, 673 of this title; 
title 12 section 1150a.
