LPRng-HOWTO: 15 Oct 2001 (For LPRng-3.7.9)
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# 1.10. References and Standards

The following references and standards have been used in the development of the LPRng software.

## 1.10.1. RFCs

During the early development of the Internet developers did not want to go through the laborious process of developing formal standards and applying to a standards body such as the EIA, IEEE, or ISO. Instead, they called the standards documents they developed [Requests for Comments]. These soon became de facto standards, and with the formal acceptance of the TCP/IP protocol as a network standard, de jure as well.

You can get copies of the RFCs from literally hundreds of network sites, including http://www.isi.edu, http://www.faqs.org/rfcs, NIS.NSF.NET, RFC.JVNC.NET, or FTP.ISI.EDU.

The [RFC1179 - Line Printer Daemon Protocol] describes the protocol used to transfer jobs from client program to print server. See RFC1179 for more a discussion of this protocol and more details about the RFC. The rfc1179.txt file is included in the LPRng distribution documentation.

## 1.10.2. PostScript

PostScript is one of the de facto standards for print jobs. The Adobe Corporation (http://www.adobe.com) provides an excellent set of references for the PostScript language. They have made many of these available for downloading from their web sites or have published them in book form.

The [PostScript Language Reference Manual] contains a great deal of technical information about the PostScript Language, and is the language reference manual.

The [PostScript Language Tutorial and Cookbook] is a very nice and easy to read introduction to PostScript programming, and has some very useful utilities. Combined with GhostScript and the gv display program you can very easily learn to write your own small PostScript programs, and more importantly, can learn to understand the contents of PostScript files.

The [PostScript Language Program Design] is the companion to the [PostScript Language Tutorial and Cookbook], and has more complex examples of PostScript programs. More importantly, it also introduces, although without explanation, the PostScript Document Structuring Conventions described in Appendix G of the The [PostScript Language Reference Manual]. This alone makes it useful.

## 1.10.3. HP PCL 5

The Hewlett-Packard (HP) PCL Printer Language is the second de-facto standard for print jobs. Currently, Hewlett-Packard makes documentation for PCL available through their [Developer Program]. You will need to register and then search their site for the [PCL 5 Printer Language Reference Manual].

## 1.10.4. HP PJL

The Hewlett-Packard (HP) Printer Job Language is used to control various features of HP printers. The [Printer Job Language Reference Manual] is also available from Hewlett-Packard (http://www.hp.com) through their [Developer Program].

## 1.10.5. PDF

The Portable Document Format (`pdf`) was developed by Adobe to be a more useful method of distributing documentation for view by online systems and software. The [Portable Document Format Reference Manual] is available from Adobe (http://www.adobe.com). While `pdf` is not used directly as a print job language, it is one of the more common formats for files that need to be printed. It can be converted to PostScript by most `pdf` viewers such as GhostScript and Adobe Acrobat.

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