Grouping-class {IRanges} | R Documentation

## Grouping objects

### Description

We call grouping an arbitrary mapping from a collection of NO objects to a collection of NG groups, or, more formally, a bipartite graph between integer sets [1, NO] and [1, NG]. Objects mapped to a given group are said to belong to, or to be assigned to, or to be in that group. Additionally, the objects in each group are ordered. So for example the 2 following groupings are considered different:

      Grouping 1: NG = 3, NO = 5
                  group   objects
                      1 : 4, 2
                      2 :
                      3 : 4

      Grouping 2: NG = 3, NO = 5
                  group   objects
                      1 : 2, 4
                      2 :
                      3 : 4

There are no restriction on the mapping e.g. any object can be mapped to 0, 1, or more groups, and can be mapped twice to the same group. Also some or all the groups can be empty.

The Grouping class is a virtual class that formalizes the most general kind of grouping. More specific groupings (e.g. many-to-one groupings or block-groupings) are formalized via specific Grouping subclasses.

This man page documents the core Grouping API, and 3 important Grouping subclasses: ManyToOneGrouping, GroupingRanges, and Partitioning (the last one deriving from the 2 first).

### The core Grouping API

Let's give a formal description of the core Grouping API:

Groups G_i are indexed from 1 to NG (1 <= i <= NG).

Objects O_j are indexed from 1 to NO (1 <= j <= NO).

Given that empty groups are allowed, NG can be greater than NO.

If `x` is a Grouping object:

  `length(x)`: Returns the number of groups (NG).

  `names(x)`: Returns the names of the groups.

  `nobj(x)`: Returns the number of objects (NO).

Going from groups to objects:

  `x[[i]]`: Returns the indices of the objects (the j's) that belong to G_i. This provides the mapping from groups to objects.

  `grouplengths(x, i=NULL)`: Returns the number of objects in G_i. Works in a vectorized fashion (unlike `x[[i]]`). `grouplengths(x)` is equivalent to `grouplengths(x, seq_len(length(x)))`. If `i` is not NULL, `grouplengths(x, i)` is equivalent to `sapply(i, function(ii) length(x[[ii]]))`.

Note to developers: Given that `length`, `names` and `[[` are expected to work on any Grouping object, those objects can be seen as List objects. More precisely, the Grouping class actually extends the IntegerList class. In particular, many other "list" operations like `as.list`, `elementNROWS`, and `unlist`, etc... should work out-of-the-box on any Grouping object.

### ManyToOneGrouping objects

The ManyToOneGrouping class is a virtual subclass of Grouping for representing many-to-one groupings, that is, groupings where each object in the original collection of objects belongs to exactly one group.

The grouping of an empty collection of objects in an arbitrary number of (necessarily empty) groups is a valid ManyToOneGrouping object.

Note that, for a ManyToOneGrouping object, if NG is 0 then NO must also be 0.

The ManyToOneGrouping API extends the core Grouping API by adding a couple more operations for going from groups to objects:

  `members(x, i)`: Equivalent to `x[[i]]` if `i` is a single integer. Otherwise, if `i` is an integer vector of arbitrary length, it's equivalent to `sort(unlist(sapply(i, function(ii) x[[ii]])))`.

  `vmembers(x, L)`: A version of `members` that works in a vectorized fashion with respect to the `L` argument (`L` must be a list of integer vectors). Returns `lapply(L, function(i) members(x, i))`.

And also by adding operations for going from objects to groups:

  `togroup(x, j=NULL)`: Returns the index i of the group that O_j belongs to. This provides the mapping from objects to groups (many-to-one mapping). Works in a vectorized fashion. `togroup(x)` is equivalent to `togroup(x, seq_len(nobj(x)))`: both return the entire mapping in an integer vector of length NO. If `j` is not NULL, `togroup(x, j)` is equivalent to `y <- togroup(x); y[j]`.

  `togrouplength(x, j=NULL)`: Returns the number of objects that belong to the same group as O_j (including O_j itself). Equivalent to `grouplengths(x, togroup(x, j))`.

One important property of any ManyToOneGrouping object `x` is that `unlist(as.list(x))` is always a permutation of `seq_len(nobj(x))`. This is a direct consequence of the fact that every object in the grouping belongs to one group and only one.

### 2 ManyToOneGrouping concrete subclasses: H2LGrouping, Dups and SimpleManyToOneGrouping

[DOCUMENT ME]

Constructors:

  `H2LGrouping(high2low=integer())`: [DOCUMENT ME]

  `Dups(high2low=integer())`: [DOCUMENT ME]

  `ManyToOneGrouping(..., compress=TRUE)`: Collect `...` into a `ManyToOneGrouping`. The arguments will be coerced to integer vectors and combined into a list, unless there is a single list argument, which is taken to be an integer list. The resulting integer list should have a structure analogous to that of `Grouping` itself: each element represents a group in terms of the subscripts of the members. If `compress` is `TRUE`, the representation uses a `CompressedList`, otherwise a `SimpleList`.

### ManyToManyGrouping objects

The ManyToManyGrouping class is a virtual subclass of Grouping for representing many-to-many groupings, that is, groupings where each object in the original collection of objects belongs to any number of groups.

Constructors:

  `ManyToManyGrouping(x, compress=TRUE)`: Collect `...` into a `ManyToManyGrouping`. The arguments will be coerced to integer vectors and combined into a list, unless there is a single list argument, which is taken to be an integer list. The resulting integer list should have a structure analogous to that of `Grouping` itself: each element represents a group in terms of the subscripts of the members. If `compress` is `TRUE`, the representation uses a `CompressedList`, otherwise a `SimpleList`.

### GroupingRanges objects

The GroupingRanges class is a virtual subclass of Grouping for representing block-groupings, that is, groupings where each group is a block of adjacent elements in the original collection of objects. GroupingRanges objects support the IntegerRanges API (e.g. `start`, `end`, `width`, etc...) in addition to the Grouping API. See `?IntegerRanges` for a description of the IntegerRanges API.

### Partitioning objects

The Partitioning class is a virtual subclass of GroupingRanges for representing block-groupings where the blocks fully cover the original collection of objects and don't overlap. Since this makes them many-to-one groupings, the Partitioning class is also a subclass of ManyToOneGrouping. An additional constraint of Partitioning objects is that the blocks must be ordered by ascending position with respect to the original collection of objects.

The Partitioning virtual class itself has 3 concrete subclasses: PartitioningByEnd (only stores the end of the groups, allowing fast mapping from groups to objects), and PartitioningByWidth (only stores the width of the groups), and PartitioningMap which contains PartitioningByEnd and two additional slots to re-order and re-list the object to a related mapping.

Constructors:

  `PartitioningByEnd(x=integer(), NG=NULL, names=NULL)`: `x` must be either a list-like object or a sorted integer vector. `NG` must be either `NULL` or a single integer. `names` must be either `NULL` or a character vector of length `NG` (if supplied) or `length(x)` (if `NG` is not supplied).

  Returns the following PartitioningByEnd object `y`:

  - If `x` is a list-like object, then the returned object `y` has the same length as `x` and is such that `width(y)` is identical to `elementNROWS(x)`.

  - If `x` is an integer vector and `NG` is not supplied, then `x` must be sorted (checked) and contain non-NA non-negative values (NOT checked). The returned object `y` has the same length as `x` and is such that `end(y)` is identical to `x`.

  - If `x` is an integer vector and `NG` is supplied, then `x` must be sorted (checked) and contain values >= 1 and <= `NG` (checked). The returned object `y` is of length `NG` and is such that `togroup(y)` is identical to `x`.

  If the `names` argument is supplied, it is used to name the partitions.

  `PartitioningByWidth(x=integer(), NG=NULL, names=NULL)`: `x` must be either a list-like object or an integer vector. `NG` must be either `NULL` or a single integer. `names` must be either `NULL` or a character vector of length `NG` (if supplied) or `length(x)` (if `NG` is not supplied).

  Returns the following PartitioningByWidth object `y`:

  - If `x` is a list-like object, then the returned object `y` has the same length as `x` and is such that `width(y)` is identical to `elementNROWS(x)`.

  - If `x` is an integer vector and `NG` is not supplied, then `x` must contain non-NA non-negative values (NOT checked). The returned object `y` has the same length as `x` and is such that `width(y)` is identical to `x`.

  - If `x` is an integer vector and `NG` is supplied, then `x` must be sorted (checked) and contain values >= 1 and <= `NG` (checked). The returned object `y` is of length `NG` and is such that `togroup(y)` is identical to `x`.

  If the `names` argument is supplied, it is used to name the partitions.

  `PartitioningMap(x=integer(), mapOrder=integer())`: `x` is a list-like object or a sorted integer vector used to construct a PartitioningByEnd object. `mapOrder` numeric vector of the mapped order.

  Returns a PartitioningMap object.

Note that these constructors don't recycle their `names` argument (to remain consistent with what ``names<-`` does on standard vectors).

### Coercions to Grouping objects

These types can be coerced to different derivatives of Grouping objects:

factor

  Analogous to calling `split` with the factor. Returns a ManyToOneGrouping if there are no NAs, otherwise a ManyToManyGrouping. If a factor is explicitly converted to a ManytoOneGrouping, then any NAs are placed in the last group.

vector

  A vector is effectively treated as a factor, but more efficiently. The order of the groups is not defined.

FactorList

  Same as the factor coercion, except using the interaction of every factor in the list. The interaction has an NA wherever any of the elements has one. Every element must have the same length.

DataFrame

  Effectively converted via a FactorList by coercing each column to a factor.

grouping

  Equivalent Grouping representation of the base R `grouping` object.

Hits

  Returns roughly the same object as `as(x, "List")`, except it is a ManyToManyGrouping, i.e., it knows the number of right nodes.

### Author(s)

Hervé Pagès, Michael Lawrence

### See Also

IntegerList-class, IntegerRanges-class, IRanges-class, successiveIRanges, cumsum, diff

### Examples

    showClass("Grouping")  # shows (some of) the known subclasses

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## A. H2LGrouping OBJECTS
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    high2low <- c(NA, NA, 2, 2, NA, NA, NA, 6, NA, 1, 2, NA, 6, NA, NA, 2)
    h2l <- H2LGrouping(high2low)
    h2l

    ## The core Grouping API:
    length(h2l)
    nobj(h2l)  # same as 'length(h2l)' for H2LGrouping objects
    h2l[[1]]
    h2l[[2]]
    h2l[[3]]
    h2l[[4]]
    h2l[[5]]
    grouplengths(h2l)  # same as 'unname(sapply(h2l, length))'
    grouplengths(h2l, 5:2)
    members(h2l, 5:2)  # all the members are put together and sorted
    togroup(h2l)
    togroup(h2l, 5:2)
    togrouplength(h2l)  # same as 'grouplengths(h2l, togroup(h2l))'
    togrouplength(h2l, 5:2)

    ## The List API:
    as.list(h2l)
    sapply(h2l, length)

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## B. Dups OBJECTS
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    dups1 <- as(h2l, "Dups")
    dups1
    duplicated(dups1)  # same as 'duplicated(togroup(dups1))'

    ### The purpose of a Dups object is to describe the groups of duplicated
    ### elements in a vector-like object:
    x <- c(2, 77, 4, 4, 7, 2, 8, 8, 4, 99)
    x_high2low <- high2low(x)
    x_high2low  # same length as 'x'
    dups2 <- Dups(x_high2low)
    dups2
    togroup(dups2)
    duplicated(dups2)
    togrouplength(dups2)  # frequency for each element
    table(x)

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## C. Partitioning OBJECTS
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    pbe1 <- PartitioningByEnd(c(4, 7, 7, 8, 15), names=LETTERS[1:5])
    pbe1  # the 3rd partition is empty

    ## The core Grouping API:
    length(pbe1)
    nobj(pbe1)
    pbe1[[1]]
    pbe1[[2]]
    pbe1[[3]]
    grouplengths(pbe1)  # same as 'unname(sapply(pbe1, length))'
                        # and 'width(pbe1)'
    togroup(pbe1)
    togrouplength(pbe1)  # same as 'grouplengths(pbe1, togroup(pbe1))'
    names(pbe1)

    ## The IntegerRanges core API:
    start(pbe1)
    end(pbe1)
    width(pbe1)

    ## The List API:
    as.list(pbe1)
    sapply(pbe1, length)

    ## Replacing the names:
    names(pbe1)[3] <- "empty partition"
    pbe1

    ## Coercion to an IRanges object:
    as(pbe1, "IRanges")

    ## Other examples:
    PartitioningByEnd(c(0, 0, 19), names=LETTERS[1:3])
    PartitioningByEnd()  # no partition
    PartitioningByEnd(integer(9))  # all partitions are empty
    x <- c(1L, 5L, 5L, 6L, 8L)
    pbe2 <- PartitioningByEnd(x, NG=10L)
    stopifnot(identical(togroup(pbe2), x))
    pbw2 <- PartitioningByWidth(x, NG=10L)
    stopifnot(identical(togroup(pbw2), x))

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## D. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Partitioning OBJECTS AND successiveIRanges()
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    mywidths <- c(4, 3, 0, 1, 7)

    ## The 3 following calls produce the same ranges:
    ir <- successiveIRanges(mywidths)  # IRanges instance.
    pbe <- PartitioningByEnd(cumsum(mywidths))  # PartitioningByEnd instance.
    pbw <- PartitioningByWidth(mywidths)  # PartitioningByWidth instance.
    stopifnot(identical(as(ir, "PartitioningByEnd"), pbe))
    stopifnot(identical(as(ir, "PartitioningByWidth"), pbw))

[Package IRanges version 2.22.2 Index]