Hi dear cdrom drive users,

This README describes hardware related matters as well as the installation of 
cdda2wav, the sampling utility.

The last big change was the inclusion in Joerg Schillings cdrecord package
as you may have noticed :-)
That means most of the cdrecord interfacing applies for cdda2wav as well.

I decided to retire the standalone version slowly, and to do all new
development in this bundled variant.

Requirements
============

For SCSI cdroms and CD-writers, as well as SCSI-emulated ATAPIS and parallel
    port drives
1s. kernel support for SCSI, the host adapter, SCSI cdroms and the
    generic SCSI interface (if under Linux). You need to have the proper device
    descriptors (get them under Linux with the MAKEDEV script from /dev).

For ATAPI cdroms under Linux
1a. kernel support for the ATAPI cdrom driver or alternatively ide-scsi
    emulation. You need to have the proper device descriptors (get them
    with the MAKEDEV script from /dev).

For parallel port cdroms under Linux
    With newer kernels cdda2wav uses the same parallel port access
    as does cdrecord. Please refer additionally to the cdrecord documentation.
    There are generally two drivers to access the cdrom through the parallel
    port: the ATAPI cd emulation (called pcd), and the SCSI device emulation
    (called pg). The pcd driver does NOT support cdda reading (kernel 2.2.12),
    while the pg driver has no restriction. So you have to use pg for that.


For cdrom drives with proprietary busses under Linux
1p. Please check the CDROM-HOWTO for features of the respective
    drivers. The sbpcd driver is very demanding due to the lack of
    interrupts.

optionally currently for Solaris and all platforms running 4fronts
OpenSoundSystems:
2. kernel sound card support.


Recommendations for higher throughput on Linux SCSI systems
===========================================================

Higher throughput will give better chances for non-interrupted
sampling. This should avoid typical interruption errors (cracklings
at buffer boundaries).

1. Increase SG_BIG_BUFF to (128*1024) in /usr/src/linux/include/scsi/sg.h
   (and recompile your kernel and boot it :-).
NOTE: Some kernel configurations will lead to 'out of kernel memory' errors.
   If you encounter this message regularly, better leave SG_BIG_BUFF at
   32768.

1a.There is a patch for multiple sg device access under Linux. It uses
   up to 128 K buffer for each device. See here:
ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/alpha/sg*

2. Ensure your harddisk has write cache enabled (For SCSI hard disks I
   switched it on with the scsiinfo program from tsx-11.mit.edu), but
   enable this only if it is correctly working ;-)

This has boosted the throughput of cdda2wav considerably.


Supported interfaces
====================

Non SCSI drives (Linux only):
	ATAPI:
	The greatest group nowadays are ATAPI (EIDE) cdrom drives.
	Support is only limited by the drive. Kernel and cdda2wav
	are ready for them (unless the drive uses a very uncommon method).

        Newer kernels can do an scsi emulation for ATAPI devices.
        This interface is supported.

	Parallel port interface:
	There is a driver that maps the parallel port driver to an generic
	scsi like driver. Should work with newer kernels.

	Proprietary interfaces:
	Older drives with proprietary interfaces are supported only
	if the kernel driver allows reading cdda audio data via ioctl().
	Currently only Eberhard Moenkeberg's sbpcd and Corey Minyard's
	cdu31a driver do allow this. The sbpcd driver of kernels earlier than
	2.0.30 and 2.1.57 needs a patch before satisfying output can be
	obtained (see README.sbpcd).

SCSI drives:
	For these drives the SCSI library from Joerg Schilling is used.
	Thus we need kernel support (compiled-in or as a module) for it.
        The generic SCSI interface allows multi sector transfers (max. 128 KB)
	which lowers cpu load considerably.

	** NEW **
	I added a script 'scsi_scan.linux' to find the generic devices for all
	SCSI CDROM- or WORM-type drives.

Configuration
=============

There are some adjustable parameters in the beginning of the Makefile
(which is called local.cnf.in) . They describe default settings of cdda2wav:

INTERFACE: 	How the cdrom is accessed. Choose one method for INTERFACE.
DEVICE:		The default cdrom device is set in DEF_DEVICE.

SOUND FILE FORMAT DEFAULTS:
The default format can be 'wav', 'sun pcm au', 'aiff', 'aifc', or
'raw bigendian samples'.
It is determined by the Makefile variable DEF_TYPE.

AUDIO FILENAME:
The default filename is given by DEF_FILE. Unless 'cdr' format is being used,
this name is appended with '.wav', '.au', '.aiff' or '.aifc'.

RATE: the default rate is given by setting DEF_UNDERSAMPLING to the divisor
for the audio cd sampling frequency (44100 Hz).

	RATE = 44100 Hz / DEF_UNDERSAMPLING

DEF_UNDERSAMPLING can be any multiple of a half greater than one half.

DYNAMIC: The default dynamic range of one sample in one channel is defined in 
DEF_BITS which can be one of 8, 12 or 16.

CHANNELS: set DEF_CHANNELS to 1 for mono and 2 for stereo.

RECORDING TIME: set DEF_TIME to the amount of seconds to record (or 0 for
the whole track).

SOUND DEVICE: set SOUND_DEVICE to the device name of your sound card.
		The line containing HAVESOUND should be 
		uncommented also, if you want the option to hear
		what you record.

All of those values can be overridden by command line parameters.


Compiling cdda2wav
==================

Adjust the Makefile (named local.cnf.in) for your cdrom interface and
device setting first.

Then type
	make
and as root
	make install

This will compile cdda2wav and copy the binary to /usr/local/bin and the
man page to /usr/local/man/man1 (defaults).


Privileges
==========

You can setgid the binary, if you want to allow access to a CDROM's
scsi_generic interface for cdda2wav but not for arbitrary programs.
Giving away permissions to send SCSI commands directly to a device is
not something you want to do lightly on a multi-user server system.
The setgid privileges will only be used to access the scsi generic
interface; for cooked_ioctl, the setgid privileges are not necessary
and they are simply dropped.

Previous versions of cdda2wav had to be setuid to root.  Such privileges
are no longer necessary and will be dropped if present.

Select device
=============

By default cdda2wav uses the generic SCSI interface and a device tripel for
SCSI bus, id, and lun.
This setting can be overridden by specifying '-Iinterface' and
'-D cdromdevice'.
The following command line example uses the generic_scsi interface and the 
SCSI device with bus 1, id 2 and lun 3:
cdda2wav -Igeneric_scsi -D1,2,3

The shell script 'scan_scsi.linux' will report the generic devices for
all SCSI cdrom drives.

If you need to use another interface, check the device setting also as they
need to fit together.
Here is an example for an ATAPI cdrom using the cooked_ioctl interface and
the cdrom device /dev/hdb:
cdda2wav -Icooked_ioctl -D/dev/hdb


Features
========

I added an optional on-the-fly correction for pre-emphasized samples
(available for original CDDA format only).
If the -T option is given, the samples will be filtered before they
are written to disk. The samples then have a linear frequency response again.

When recording in mono, both channels are summed with halved amplitude.

Undersampling is done by summing several samples with reduced amplitude to
prevent overflows. This damps higher freqencies as well. Compared to
exact resampling cdda2wav does not use a very sophisticated (expensive)
filter algorithm. It currently uses quadratic interpolation for
noninteger subsampling factors.

Sampling can be aborted by pressing the Interrupt-Key (eg control-C)
at anytime. Unless streaming to a pipe, the wav header will be updated
to contain the actual length of the sample. The same will happen, if
disk space becomes exhausted.

Fast options
============

The options can also influence the performance greatly.
The fastest case is given when the samples don't need to be changed from
their original form or analysed, that is the output format uses the same
parameters as the drive: 16-bit samples, stereo at 44100 Hz sample rate
AND with the same endianess (-Cbig and -Ebig, or -Clittle and -Elittle).
To be sure all parameters can be given explicitly on the command line.
This avoids an analysis of cdda2wav.

cdda2wav -P0 -q -S<maximum speed> 
run as root will read with maximum speed and copy its output into the
wav file, taking advantage of realtime scheduling as well.

For throughput testing the additional option -N can be used. Write
operations will be suppressed then.

Options that slow down initially
================================
-v<level> needs some time for analysis before the actual sampling starts

Options that slow down during sampling
======================================
-P1	causes overlap reading, the slowdown depends on the amount of jitter
-e	synchronous output to a sound card slows down to onefold speed

Options that need more cpu power
================================
-p<rate> resamples the output send to the sound card
-M<count> calculates checksums
-T	on-the-fly preemphasis filtering
-F	checking for extremal samples
-G	checking for differences in both channels
-C<endianess>	if a conversion is required (see below)
-E<endianess>	if a conversion is required (see below)
-Oaudiotype	if a conversion is required (see below)
-c 1
-c s
-m
-b 8
-b 12
-a <not 1>
-r <not 44100>

When are one or two endianess (byte order) conversions required?
================================================================
There are three stages where the endianess matters:
1.) on the input side the cd drive can deliver in two flavors (called F1).
    When the flavor is unknown, cdda2wav needs to find out the endianess.
    A simple voting method is used. Successive samples are compared in both
    flavors and the flavor with the statistically smaller changes is taken. 
    The flavor can be defined with the -C option, avoiding the analysis. 
2.) For any calculation with samples (and echoing to the sound card),
    the samples are needed in the byte order of the machine (in this case
    I set 'need_host_order' to yes). The flavor of the machine endianess
    is called F2.
3.) Finally, there are two flavors of output sound formats (called F3):
    wav uses little endian samples
    cdr and au use big endian samples
    If the samples currently in memory have the wrong endianess a
    (possibly second) conversion is required.

This gives the following table:
F1	F2	need_host_order	F3	conversions
little	little	no		little		0
little	little	yes		little		0
little	little	no		big		1
little	little	yes		big		1
little	big	no		little		0
little	big	yes		little		2
little	big	no		big		1
little	big	yes		big		1
big	little	no		little		1
big	little	yes		little		1
big	little	no		big		0
big	little	yes		big		2
big	big	no		little		1
big	big	yes		little		1
big	big	no		big		0
big	big	yes		big		0


Known problems
==============

1. Sound quality

Audible errors caused by hesitations:

When recording the same audio track twice, recordings can slightly differ.
Furthermore depending on the firmware in the cdrom drive, positioning
errors can be so severe that they cannot be easily corrected by cdda2wav.
This will unfortunately lead to audible errors.

In this case some overlap or even underlap between successive portions
is introduced from the cdrom drive.
Here is this case demonstrated graphically:

Sec 1    ...       Sec n
|----------------------|                          first  read delivered
                       |------------------------| second read wanted
                     |------------------------|   second read delivered
                     |-|                          extra bogus bytes
                                              |-| missing bytes

This is due to synchronisation problems between sectors inside the cdrom 
drive. When the drive has been forced to wait, these problems arise.

Audio cds are lacking sector headers, so it's a difficult job to do the
positioning right (in the firmware). The frequency of these errors is
reduced when the reading process can continue undisturbed for longer periods.
So, a high throughput is essential.

You may want to fine-tune your update daemon to use shorter intervals
(see 'man 8 update'). Shorter intervals are better because the update
interruptions are shorter when not so much write requests can pile up.

The plextor 4plexplus drive (PX-4XCE) and newer models, newer pioneer
models as well as CD-writers with large buffers don't suffer from this
errors. Here the default is to switch off overlap reading.

If you cannot get good samples from your drives you might consider an
alternative program. Monty's cdparanoia program goes to great lengths
in order to seperate the good bits from the bad ones.

2. The index scanner has caused timeouts on my toshiba 3401 due to fast
   random accesses.

3. Retrieval of media catalog numbers and International Standard Recording
   Codes may fail due to firmware bugs.

Audio Format Conversion
=======================
Currently wav, sun (au-pcm), Apple/SGI aiff/aifc, and raw formats are supported.

I try to write correct wav files (little endian samples), but some
cd-writers might swap them, which would result in sort of white noise
instead of the original sounds. Cdda2wav has an endianness detector
for these cases, but as for all automatics, it might fail on bizarre samples.

Hint: Cdda2wav can be forced to use a given input endianness with the
-C option (arguments are 'little', 'big' or 'guess').

The sun format is a pcm variant, and uses big endian samples.
The other more common sun format with logarithmically scaled samples (au)
is not supported but can be obtained from sox's conversion.

The raw format is like the sun format except it has no header. I
changed the endianness to big endian samples in order to comply
with popular cd burning software like the cdrecord program.

The sound converter 'sox' can be used to obtain other sound formats.
(Note however, that the current sox player and a newer sound driver do not
harmonize well, use the player from the wavplay package instead (available
at sunsite)).


Feedback
========

Tested patches, any hardware information regarding drives as well as success/
failure reports are always welcome at heiko@colossus.escape.de.


known cdda capable drives
=========================
Check out these web pages for uptodate information:

<http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~psyche/pc/cdrom/CDDA.html>

and

<http://www.anime.net/~goemon/linux-cd/cdda-list.html>

From a news posting from Björn Wiberg

> The following table was generated using the CDROM.CFG file from Nero
> v3.0.4.2.
> 
> It shows different CD-ROM models and what speeds they can do DAE at. I
> guess the values are "safe ones"; i.e. the speeds at which each drive
> can perform DAE reliably.
> 
> A value of "0x" means the drive doesn't support DAE.
> 
> For your convenience, the maximum data transfer speed of the drives
> (for reading conventional files and data from the CD-ROM) are also
> included.
> 
> Hopefully, this will help some of you who are looking for a good
> CD-ROM drive to choose a model which seems fast enough both for data
> and DAE.
> 
> The models which support DAE:
> (Sorted by DAE speed, data speed and model)
> 
> CD-ROM model                     DAE     Data   Interface
> ---------------------------------------------------------
> PLEXTOR  CD-ROM PX-32TS          16x     16x    SCSI
> TEAC     CD-524E                 14x     24x    IDE
> CREATIVE CD620E                  12x     5x     IDE
> MITSUMI  CD-ROM FX320S !B        12x     32x    IDE
> TEAC     CD-532E                 12x     32x    IDE
> HITACHI  CDR-8335                12x     24x    IDE
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-A02S          12x     24x    IDE
> TEAC     CD-ROM CD-532S          12x     14x    SCSI
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-A12X          12x     12x    IDE
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-U06S          12x     12x    SCSI
> PLEXTOR  CD-ROM PX-20TS          12x     12x    SCSI
> MITSUMI  CD-ROM FX120T !B        11x     12x    IDE
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-A04S          11x     32x    IDE
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-U12X          10x     12x    SCSI
> HITACHI  CDR-8330                9x      24x    IDE
> SONY     CD-ROM CDU711           9x      14x    IDE
> MATSHITA CD-ROM CR-584           9x      12x    IDE
> MATSHITA CD-ROM CR-586           8x      32x    IDE
> CDM-T531         Ver1.041        8x      18x    IDE
> TEAC     CD-516E                 8x      16x    IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-6201TA        8x      16x    SCSI
> PLEXTOR  CD-ROM PX-12CS          8x      12x    SCSI
> PLEXTOR  CD-ROM PX-12TS          8x      12x    SCSI
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-U10X          8x      10x    SCSI
> SONY     CD-ROM CDU611           8x      10x    IDE
> FUNAI    E285X                   8x      8x     IDE
> MITSUMI  CD-ROM FX810T4!B        8x      8x     IDE
> SONY     CD-ROM CDU511           8x      8x     IDE
> SONY     CD-ROM CDU571-Q         8x      8x     IDE
> TEAC     CD-C68E                 8x      8x     IDE
> MITSUMI  CD-ROM FX400E !B        8x      4x     IDE
> HITACHI  CDR-8130                7x      16x    IDE
> MATSHITA CD-ROM CR-585           6x      24x    IDE
> CREATIVE CD2422E  MC102          6x      12x    IDE
> MATSHITA CD-ROM CR-508           6x      12x    SCSI
> IBM      PD-1 LF-1195            6x      6x     IDE
> PLEXTOR  CD-ROM PX-6XCS          6x      6x     SCSI
> LITEON   CD-ROM LTN301           5x      32x    IDE
> LITEON   CD-ROM LTN242F          5x      24x    IDE
> HITACHI  CDR-7930                5x      8x     IDE
> ASUS     CD-S340                 4x      34x    IDE
> E-IDE    CD-ROM 32X/AKU          4x      32x    IDE
> ATAPI CDROM                      4x      24x    IDE
> LITEON   CD-ROM LTN244           4x      24x    IDE
> PHILIPS  PCA248CD                4x      24x    IDE
> TEAC     CD-524EA                4x      24x    IDE
> LITEON   CD-ROM LTN202           4x      21x    IDE
> ATAPI    CD-ROM DRIVE-24X        4x      20x    IDE
> CREATIVE CD2423E  NC101          4x      20x    IDE
> SAMSUNG  CD-ROM SCR-2431         4x      20x    IDE
> TAE IL   CD-ROM CDD-7240J        4x      20x    IDE
> TEAC     CD-220E                 4x      20x    IDE
> CREATIVE CD1620E SL970404        4x      16x    IDE
> LITEON   CD-ROM LTN262           4x      16x    IDE
> TEAC     CD-ROM CD-516S          4x      16x    SCSI
> ATAPI    CD-ROM DRIVE            4x      15x    IDE
> BCD 16XA  CD-ROM                 4x      10x    IDE
> MATSHITA CD-ROM CR-506           4x      8x     SCSI
> SONY     CD-ROM CDU311           4x      8x     IDE
> MATSHITA CD-ROM CR-504-J         4x      4x     SCSI
> MITSBISH CDRW226                 4x      4x     SCSI
> SONY     CD-ROM CDU625-S         4x      4x     SCSI
> SONY     CD-ROM CDU-76S          4x      4x     SCSI
> SONY     CD-ROM CDU77E           4x      4x     IDE
> PLEXTOR  CD-ROM PX-4XCE          4x      4x     SCSI
> SONY     CD-ROM CDU55E           4x      2x     IDE
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-U24X          3x      24x    SCSI
> LITEON   CD-ROM LTN204           3x      21x    IDE
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-A01S          3x      20x    IDE
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-A24X          3x      20x    IDE
> FUNAI    E295X                   3x      16x    IDE
> PIONEER  CD-ROM DR-U03S          3x      12x    SCSI
> BTC      24X CD-ROM SLL24        3x      10x    IDE
> PLEXTOR  CD-ROM PX-8XCS          3x      4x     SCSI
> CyberDrv  CD-ROM TW240S          3x      3x     SCSI
> COMPAQ   CRD-8320B               2x      32x    IDE
> LG    CD-ROM CRD-8320B           2x      32x    IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-6202B         2x      32x    IDE
> CREATIVE DVD-ROM DVD2240E        2x      24x    IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-6102D         2x      24x    IDE
> BTC      16X CD-ROM SLL16        1x      10x    IDE
> NEC      CD-ROM DRIVE:282        2x      8x     IDE
> HITACHI  GD-2000                 2x      4x     IDE
> MATSHITA CD-ROM CR-581           2x      4x     IDE
> NEC      CD-ROM DRIVE:222        2x      4x     SCSI
> MATSHITA CD-ROM CR-8004          2x      2x     SCSI
> GoldStar CD-ROM CRD-8240B        1x      24x    IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-6102B         1x      24x    IDE
> CyberDrv  IDE CD-ROM 120D        1x      12x    IDE
> I DE CD-ROM TW120D               1x      12x    IDE
> NEC      CD-ROM DRIVE:464        1x      12x    SCSI
> TORiSAN  CD-ROM CDR_U112         1x      12x    IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-5701TA        1x      12x    SCSI
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-5702B         1x      12x    IDE
> CyberDrv SCSI CD-ROM 120S        1x      10x    IDE
> NEC      CD-ROM DRIVE:463        1x      10x    SCSI
> COMPAQ   DVD-ROM SD-M1002        1x      8x     IDE
> MATSHITA CD-ROM CR-583           1x      8x     IDE
> NEC      CD-ROM DRIVE:462        1x      8x     SCSI
> TEAC     CD-58E                  1x      8x     IDE
> OPTICS_S 8622 SCSI               1x      8x     SCSI
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-5602B         1x      8x     IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-3801TA        1x      7x     SCSI
> NEC      CD-ROM DRIVE:461        1x      6x     SCSI
> IBM      CDRM00203               1x      6x     SCSI
> TEAC     CD-46E                  1x      6x     IDE
> TEAC     CD-56E                  1x      6x     IDE
> TEAC     CD-ROM CD-56S           1x      6x     SCSI
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-5502TA        1x      6x     IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-3701TA        1x      6x     SCSI
> NEC      CD-ROM DRIVE:502        1x      4x     SCSI
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-1502BN        1x      4x     IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-5302TA        1x      4x     IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-5401TA        1x      4x     SCSI
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-5402TA        1x      4x     IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-1502B         1x      4x     IDE
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-3501TA        1x      4x     SCSI
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-5301TA        1x      4x     SCSI
> TOSHIBA  CD-ROM XM-5201TA        1x      2x     SCSI

known cdda uncapable drives
===========================

Pioneer		DRM-602X, DRM-604X
Teac		CD-55A		(panasonic bus)
Philips		CM206/10	serial RS-422
		CM207
		CM226/10	serial RS-422
		CDD462/01	serial RS-422
Orchid		CDS3110

Additions to the tables above are welcome.

and now catch your sounds,
Heiko 		heiko@colossus.escape.de
