## ----echo = FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  fig.width = 6,
  fig.height = 6,
  fig.align ='center'
)

## -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
library("cellWise")

## ----fig.height=8,fig.width=8-------------------------------------------------
d     <- 10
mu    <- rep(0, 10)
Sigma <- generateCorMat(d = d, corrType = "A09")

n      <- 100 # number of observations
outlierType   <- "cellwiseStructured" # type of cellwise outliers
perout <- 0.2 # percentage of outliers
gamma  <- 5 # how far the outliers are from the center

data  <- generateData(n, d, mu, Sigma, perout,
                      gamma, outlierType, seed = 1) 
X <- data$X
pairs(X)
# we clearly see some marginal outliers, but also some more tricky ones.

## ----fig.height=15,fig.width=8------------------------------------------------
tic = Sys.time()
DI.out = DI(X)
toc = Sys.time(); toc - tic 
DI.out$nits 
# the algorithm converges in 5 iterations and takes under 1 second

flaggedCells <- DI.out$indcells # indices of the flagged Cells
length(intersect(data$indcells, flaggedCells))
# 155 of the 200 cells are flagged

# We can now compare this with the marginal flagging of outliers.
locScale.out <- estLocScale(X) # robust location and scale of X
Z <- scale(X, locScale.out$loc, locScale.out$scale)
flaggedCells_marginal <- which(abs(Z) >  sqrt(qchisq(p = 0.99, df = 1)))
length(intersect(data$indcells, flaggedCells_marginal))
# only 61 of the 200 cells are flagged


cellMap(D = X, R = DI.out$Zres, indcells = flaggedCells, 
        mTitle = "cellHandler")

cellMap(D = X, R = Z, indcells = flaggedCells_marginal, 
        mTitle = "marginal analysis")

## -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
data("data_VOC")
# ?VOC

# The first 16 variables are the VOCs, the last 3 are:
# SMD460: How many people who live here smoke tobacco?
# SMD470: How many people smoke inside this home?
# RIDAGEYR: age

colnames(data_VOC)

range(data_VOC$RIDAGEYR)
# the subjects in this dataset are children between 3 and 10


## ----fig.height=6,fig.width=6-------------------------------------------------
X <- data_VOC[, -c(17:19)] # extract the VOC data
dim(X)
rownames(X) = 1:512
# Run the Detection Imputation (DI) algorithm:
tic = Sys.time()
DI.out = DI(X)
toc = Sys.time(); toc - tic 
DI.out$nits 
# the algorithm converges in 4 iterations and takes roughly 2 seconds

Zres     <- DI.out$Zres
dimnames(Zres) <- dimnames(X)
indcells <- DI.out$indcells
# Draw cellmap:
# pdf("VOCs_20_cellmap.pdf", height = 5, width = 5)
rowsToShow = 1:20
cellMap(Zres, showrows = rowsToShow,
        mTitle = "VOCs in children",
        rowtitle = "first 20 children",
        columntitle = "volatile components")
# dev.off()
rm(rowsToShow)


## ----fig.height=6,fig.width=6-------------------------------------------------
W <- matrix(0, nrow(X), ncol(X))
W[indcells] <- 1
# Variable 8 has a substantial number of red cells.
# Its total number of outlying cells:
sum(W[,8])/nrow(X)
# Variable 8 has 11% of outlying cells.

# Since quant = 0.99 these are the cells with absolute
# residual above sqrt(qchisq(p=0.99,df=1)) = 2.575829 .
# Variable 8 is "URXCYM":  
#   N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (ng/mL)
# this is a well-known biomarker for exposure to tobacco 
# smoke. see e.g.
# https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0210104
# Adults who smoke usually have high values.

# How many URXCYM values in this set are marginally outlying?
# If we would use univariate outlier detection, few of 
# the URXCYM values in this set would be considered suspicious:
meds = apply(X,2,FUN="median")
mads = apply(X,2,FUN="mad")
Z = scale(X,center=meds,scale=mads)
cutoff = sqrt(qchisq(p=0.99,df=1)); cutoff 

cellInd = which(abs(Zres[,8]) > cutoff)
length(cellInd)/nrow(X) # almost 11%
marginalInd = which(abs(Z[,8]) > cutoff)
length(marginalInd)/nrow(X) # under 2%
# Even for perfectly gaussian data this would already be 1%.

# pdf("ZresVersusZ.pdf",width=5.4,height=5.4) # sizes in inches
plot(Z[,8], Zres[,8], xlab = "",
     ylab = "",main = "",pch = 16, 
     col = "black", xlim=c(-3,5))
title(main="log(URXCYM) in children aged 10 or younger",
      line=1) # , cex.lab=1.2, family="Calibri Light")
title(ylab="standardized cellwise residuals", line=2.3)
title(xlab="robustly standardized marginal values", line=2.3)
abline(h=cutoff, col="red")
abline(h=-cutoff, col="red")
abline(v=cutoff, col="red")
abline(v=-cutoff, col="red")
# dev.off()
# Many outlying residuals occur at inlying marginal values.
# These persons' URXCYM is high relative to the other 
# compounds (variables) in the same person.


## ----fig.height=6,fig.width=6-------------------------------------------------
# Look at the residuals for the children who 
# live together with people who smoke.
# We consider 4 categories:

# children without smokers in their family:
nonsmokers = which(data_VOC$SMD460 == 0) 
length(nonsmokers) 
# at least one adult smokes, but not in the home:
noneInHome = which((data_VOC$SMD460 > 0) &
                     (data_VOC$SMD470 == 0))
length(noneInHome)
# children with 1 person smoking in their home:
oneInHome = which(data_VOC$SMD470 == 1)
length(oneInHome) 
# children with 2 people smoking in their home:
twoInHome = which(data_VOC$SMD470 == 2) 
length(twoInHome) 

length(which(Zres[nonsmokers,8] > 0))/length(nonsmokers) 
length(which(Zres[noneInHome,8] > 0))/length(noneInHome) 
length(which(Zres[oneInHome,8] > 0))/length(oneInHome) 
length(which(Zres[twoInHome,8] > 0))/length(twoInHome)

# So 36% of the children living in a house with one smoker 
# have suspiciously high levels for this biomarker.
# 63% of the children living in a house with two smokers
# have suspiciously high levels for this biomarker.

cellMap(Zres,
        showrows = oneInHome,
        mTitle = "VOCs in children",
        rowtitle = "",
        columntitle = "volatile components")

## ----fig.height=5,fig.width=4,fig.align ='center'-----------------------------
cellMap(Zres,
        showrows = twoInHome,
        mTitle = "VOCs in children",
        rowtitle = "",
        columntitle = "volatile components")

## ----fig.height=7,fig.width=6-------------------------------------------------

# For one or more smokers in the house:
smokeInHome = c(oneInHome,twoInHome)
length(smokeInHome) 
cellMap(Zres,
        showrows = smokeInHome,
        mTitle = "VOCs in children",
        rowtitle = "",
        columntitle = "volatile components")

## ----fig.height=6,fig.width=6-------------------------------------------------
length(which(Z[nonsmokers] > cutoff))/length(nonsmokers) 
length(which(Z[noneInHome] > cutoff))/length(noneInHome)
length(which(Z[oneInHome] > cutoff))/length(oneInHome) 
length(which(Z[twoInHome] > cutoff))/length(twoInHome) 
# Here the fractions are not even increasing with the number of smokers.

plotdata = matrix(c(length(which(Zres[nonsmokers,8] > 0))/length(nonsmokers),
                    length(which(Zres[noneInHome,8] > 0))/length(noneInHome), 
                    length(which(Zres[oneInHome,8] > 0))/length(oneInHome), 
                    length(which(Zres[twoInHome,8] > 0))/length(twoInHome),
                    length(which(Z[nonsmokers] > cutoff))/length(nonsmokers),
                    length(which(Z[noneInHome] > cutoff))/length(noneInHome),
                    length(which(Z[oneInHome] > cutoff))/length(oneInHome),
                    length(which(Z[twoInHome] > cutoff))/length(twoInHome)),
                  nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)

# pdf("cellwise_marginal.pdf",width=5.4,height=5.4)
matplot(1:4, t(plotdata), type = "b", pch = 16, lwd = 3,
        cex = 2, xlab = "", xaxt = "n", ylab = "", yaxt = "n", 
        ylim = c(0, 0.7), col = c("blue", "red"), lty = 1)
axis(side = 1, labels = c("none", "0 in home", "1 in home", "2 in home"),
     at = 1:4, cex.axis = 1.3)
axis(side = 2, labels = seq(0, 100, by = 20),
     at = seq(0, 1, by = 0.2), cex.axis = 1.3)
legend("topleft", fill = c("blue", "red"),
       legend = c("cell residuals","marginal values"), cex = 1.3)
title(main="Effect of smokers on elevated URXCYM in children",
      line=1.2) 
title(ylab="% of children with elevated URXCYM",cex.lab=1.3, line=2.3)
title(xlab="smoking adults in household",cex.lab=1.3, line=2.3)
# dev.off()

